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  1. Electronegativity provides the relationship between formal charge, oxidation state, and actual charge.Balakrishnan Viswanathan & M. Shajahan Gulam Razul - 2022 - Foundations of Chemistry 25 (1):5-28.
    Formal charge and oxidation state are two means of estimating the charge of an atom in a molecule. Though these concepts have very different origins—formal charge is derived from the ball-and-hook model of bonding and oxidation state is based on the ionic approximation of molecules—they are used to predict reactivity and other molecular properties through their properties as charges. In this submission, it is shown that formal charge and oxidation state are two extreme descriptions of bonding: formal charge represents zero (...)
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