With the advent of the 21st century, the way characters and identities interact under the influence of dominant powers has brought a new world into existence, a world dubbed by Manuel Castells as the ‘Fourth World’. Within the Castellsian theoretical matrix of the Fourth World and politics of identity, the present study seeks to investigate the true nature of the futuristic world Margaret Atwood has created in the MaddAddam trilogy. The trilogy literarily reflects a global crisis that (...) ultimately leads to dystopia and the destruction of the human race: what remains of humanity is a small group of survivors who must struggle to conserve what remains of humanity. Identity as the main determining factor in the Fourth World represents personal and public privileges, characteristics, and means of differentiating oneself from others. The Fourth World and its political peculiarities reflect contemporary powers, i.e. the power of the network society, network communication and media. Humankind, in this wheel, is just a toy in the hands of an intelligence broker. What exactly happens to human and semi-human characters in Atwood’s trilogy is the result of Fourth World structures and values, and how they shape and reconstruct identities to lead the world toward fabricated truths and values, and terminate in dystopia. (shrink)

Human actions and decisions are most of the times not only grounded on emotional reactions, they are irrationally debasing. While such emotions and heuristics were perhaps suitable for dealing with life in the Stone Age, they are woefully inadequate in the Silicon Age. The substitution of traditional news agencies and communication platforms in Nigeria with social media networks has not only increased human capacities, it has aided the common good and further eased communication and increased the human knowledge base. For (...) instance, the Silicon Valley in the state of California in the United State of America has proved the extent to which human ingenuity can be exerted in beneficial ways. Here in, the top of the multibillion-dollar communication companies like Apple, eBay, Cisco, Lockheed, Hewlett Packard (HP), Google, Netflix, Facebook, Oracle, Tesla, etc. whose yearly budgets far exceed the entire yearly budget of Nigeria, has proved that, ICT remains the building blocks of contemporary communities. The state of California for instance prides herself as the 6th largest economy of the world after France and Brazil. This romantic picture of ICT is but only one chapter of the ICT divide. In today’s world, the scale and speed of the highly partisan news and falsehoods that circulate in the human environment is deafening. In politics and governance for instance, the populist have exploited the ICT effectively and without restraints, to access power and authority. Today, we are in the era of post-truth, an era in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief. An era that harbours corruption of intellectual integrity and damage to the whole fabric of democracy. The battle to protect information integrity and expose fake news becomes sine qua non. We shall in this paper explore the dark side of the age of information, a side that has been exploited by the media mavens, political hacks, and ideological propagandists who promote lies, illusion, confusion, and other forms of demented or manipulated imagination. In doing this, we shall proceed as follows: i. Historicize the concept of ‘fake news’ here referred to as post-truth. ii. Interrogate the concept of ‘information’ and its goal in human affairs iii. Evaluate the nexus between ‘truth’ values in ‘information’, ‘Misinformation’ and ‘dis-information’ iv. Situate the role of Philosophy in the era of post-truth. (shrink)

Privacy and surveillance scholars increasingly worry that data collectors can use the information they gather about our behaviors, preferences, interests, incomes, and so on to manipulate us. Yet what it means, exactly, to manipulate someone, and how we might systematically distinguish cases of manipulation from other forms of influence—such as persuasion and coercion—has not been thoroughly enough explored in light of the unprecedented capacities that information technologies and digital media enable. In this paper, we develop a definition of (...) manipulation that addresses these enhanced capacities, investigate how information technologies facilitate manipulative practices, and describe the harms—to individuals and to social institutions—that flow from such practices. -/- We use the term “online manipulation” to highlight the particular class of manipulative practices enabled by a broad range of information technologies. We argue that at its core, manipulation is hidden influence—the covert subversion of another person’s decision-making power. We argue that information technology, for a number of reasons, makes engaging in manipulative practices significantly easier, and it makes the effects of such practices potentially more deeply debilitating. And we argue that by subverting another person’s decision-making power, manipulation undermines his or her autonomy. Given that respect for individual autonomy is a bedrock principle of liberal democracy, the threat of online manipulation is a cause for grave concern. (shrink)

It is common for social theorists to utilize the metaphors of ‘flow’, ‘fluidity’, and ‘liquidity’ in order to substantiate the ways in which speed and mobility form the basis for a new kind of information or network society. Yet rarely have these concepts been sufficiently theorized in order to establish their relevance or appropriateness. This article contends that the notion of flow as utilized in social theory is profoundly metaphysical in nature, and needs to be judged as such. (...) Beginning with a discussion of the accelerating timescape that characterizes the network society, it will then move on to examine three main issues with this ‘metaphysics of flux’. First, that the concept of flows unjustly privileges the process of becoming and, as a result, is unable to account for the materiality, substantiality, and agency of the objects being mobilized, and the contingency of their mediation. Second, that it posits the accelerating tendencies of capital as an ontological inevitability, thus discounting resistance to such forces. Finally, that it ignores the human faculty for reason and speculative thought in developing alternative means of political praxis. The solution, it will be argued, is not to abandon metaphysical accounts of the network society, but rather to challenge those accounts that, in exhibiting a crude empiricism, work to justify the status quo. (shrink)

Introduction. The development of legal culture and a culture of human rights in the modern world through media technologies, is acquiring special significance in connection with the processes of globalization and the spread of media in recent decades. The purpose of the article is to study the prospects for the use of media education in the formation of the legal social culture and a culture of human rights. Materials and methods. Based on a study of domestic and foreign sources, issues (...) of media education, media literacy, spiritual and moral education, the legal culture of society, the phenomenon of post-truth and ways of forming critical, creative thinking are considered. The use of general scientific, philosophical, and socio-pedagogical methods has made it possible to study media education as a dialogue of learning, stimulating the development of rational, critical thinking, focused on the search for the value foundations of intellectual and social activity. Results. The development of the field of information and communication technologies determines the principles for the formation of the content and orientation of modern education. Media education is interlinked with the development of democracy and human rights. It influences the formation of a culture of citizen participation, their active social position, civic and political culture. Media education plays a significant role in shaping the legal culture of society since critical media research and information research focuses on the analysis of power structures and structures of dominance in the media. A study of the interpretations of the concepts of "media education" and "media literacy" made it possible to show that media education focuses a person on a critical approach to media content. One of the main issues of media education is teaching a person the skills to critically study media and media technologies, which involves addressing the technological, cultural and historical specifics of specific media used at a specific time and place. Information and communication technologies have changed the way of life, work, communication, and ways of selfpresentation, the formation of values, participation in socially significant events. Therefore, a critical approach to mass media should be based on knowledge of socio-philosophical theories, ethics and research in the field of mass media. Discussion. Mass media are constructing a history of human rights, which updates the topic of the media policy of human rights, combining socio-legal, cultural and media theories. Education in the field of acquiring information perception skills, the ability to correctly understand the importance of audiovisual images, to competently handle and navigate information flows are necessary for the life of a modern person in society. (shrink)

Everyday our vision travels across time and space. We see images in the media about atrocities, disruptions, crises, famine, and wars. And in each case our sense of injustice is awakened. We feel outrage and indignation based upon our ideals and value systems which were formed through our traditions and religions. But in this age where the power of media and information is so powerful, what we see is often manufactured to appeal to our values. While these values (...) circulate among the images we see in cyberspace, these manipulations are rooted in certain realities: geography, natural resources, and power relationships. Our values are managed to serve the control of resources and territory. They serve the deeper reality of geography and geopolitics. How then are these ideals and values created, manipulated, and opposed across various pivots or boundaries, between East and West, between the individual and the collective? Through English geographer Sir Halford Mackinder’s concepts of “pivot” and “heartland”; German philosopher Carl Schmitt’s importance of “nomos”; and French writer Victor Segalen’s reflections on the loss of cultural diversity, we outline this priority of geography. By examining these writers, we can begin to ask if our ideals and values have any real moral or theological significance, or if they are merely effects of the competition between powers. Can ideals and values lead to real change and development, or are they merely leashes to guide us based on the aims of power? (shrink)

This edited volume is designed to explore different perspectives of culture, identity and social development using the impact of the digital age as a common thread, aiming at interdisciplinary audiences. Cases of communities and individuals using new technology as a tool to preserve and explore their cultural heritage alongside new media as a source for social orientation ranging from language acquisition to health-related issues will be covered. Therefore, aspects such as Art and Cultural Studies, Media and Communication, Behavioral Science, (...) Psychology, Philosophy and innovative approaches used by creative individuals are included. From the Aboriginal tribes of Australia, to the Maoris of New Zealand, to the mystical teachings of Sufi brotherhoods, the significance of the oral and written traditions and their current relation to online activities shall be discussed in the opening article. The book continues with a closer look at obesity awareness support groups and their impact on social media, Facebook usage in language learning context, smartphone addiction and internet dependency, as well as online media reporting of controversial ethical issues. The Digital progress has already left its dominating mark as the world entered the 21st century. Without a doubt, as technology continues its ascent, society will be faced with new and altering values in an effort to catch-up with this extraordinary Digitization, adapt satisfactorily in order to utilize these strong developments in everyday life. (shrink)

Following media-theoretical studies that have characterized digitization as a process of all-encompassing cybernetization, this paper will examine the timely and critical potential of Günther Anders’s oeuvre vis-à-vis the ever-increasing power of cybernetic devices and networks. Anders has witnessed and negotiated the process of cybernetization from its very beginning, having criticized its tendency to automate and expand, as well as its circular logic and ‘integral power’, including disruptive consequences for the constitution of the political and the social. In this (...) vein, Anders’s works, particularly his magnum opus Die Antiquiertheit des Menschen [The Obsolescence of Man], sheds new light on the technologically organized milieus of the contemporary digital regime and also highlights a new form of cybernetic ‘conformism’. The goal of the essay is therefore, not only to emphasize the contemporary nature of Anders’s thought but also to use it to frame a critique of current neo-technocratic and, ultimately, post-political concepts, such as ‘algorithmic regulation’, ‘smart states’, ‘direct technocracy’, and ‘government as platform’. This essay argues that cybernetic capitalism is causing what Anders terms ‘ Unfestgelegtheit’ to disappear; that is, we are losing the originary possibility of technologically structuring our world in alternative ways, particularly given the determinist character of current technologies. (shrink)

The first thing we must keep in mind is that when saying that China says this or China does that, we are not speaking of the Chinese people, but of the Sociopaths who control the CCP -- Chinese Communist Party, i.e., the Seven Senile Sociopathic Serial Killers (SSSSK) of the Standing Committee of the CCP or the 25 members of the Politburo etc.. -/- The CCP’s plans for WW3 and total domination are laid out quite clearly in Chinese govt publications (...) and speeches and this is Xi Jinping’s “China Dream”. It is a dream only for the tiny minority (perhaps a few dozen to a few hundred) who rule China and a nightmare for everyone else (including 1.4 billion Chinese). The 10 billion dollars yearly enables them or their puppets to own or control newspapers, magazines, TV and radio channels and place fake news in most major media everywhere every day. In addition, they have an army (maybe millions of people) who troll all the media placing more propaganda and drowning out legitimate commentary (the 50 cent army). -/- In addition to stripping the 3rd world of resources, a major thrust of the multi-trillion dollar Belt and Road Initiative is building military bases worldwide. They are forcing the free world into a massive high-tech arms race that makes the cold war with the Soviet Union look like a picnic. -/- Though the SSSSK, and the rest of the world’s military, are spending huge sums on advanced hardware, it is highly likely that WW3 (or the smaller engagements leading up to it) will be software dominated. It is not out of the question that the SSSSK, with probably more hackers (coders) working for them then all the rest of the world combined, will win future wars with minimal physical conflict, just by paralyzing their enemies via the net. No satellites, no phones, no communications, no financial transactions, no power grid, no internet, no advanced weapons, no vehicles, trains, ships or planes. -/- There are only two main paths to removing the CCP, freeing 1.4 billion Chinese prisoners, and ending the lunatic march to WW3. The peaceful one is to launch an all-out trade war to devastate the Chinese economy until the military gets fed up and boots out the CCP. -/- An alternative to shutting down China’s economy is a limited war, such as a targeted strike by say 50 thermobaric drones on the 20th Congress of the CCP, when all the top members are in one place, but that won’t take place until 2022 so one could hit the annual plenary meeting. The Chinese would be informed, as the attack happened, that they must lay down their arms and prepare to hold a democratic election or be nuked into the stone age. The other alternative is an all-out nuclear attack. Military confrontation is unavoidable given the CCP’s present course. It will likely happen over the islands in the South China Sea or Taiwan within a few decades, but as they establish military bases worldwide it could happen anywhere (see Crouching Tiger etc.). Future conflicts will have hardkill and softkill aspects with the stated objectives of the CCP to emphasize cyberwar by hacking and paralyzing control systems of all military and industrial communications, equipment, power plants, satellites, internet, banks, and any device or vehicle connected to the net. The SS are slowly fielding a worldwide array of manned and autonomous surface and underwater subs or drones capable of launching conventional or nuclear weapons that may lie dormant awaiting a signal from China or even looking for the signature of US ships or planes. While destroying our satellites, thus eliminating communication between the USA and our forces worldwide, they will use theirs, in conjunction with drones to target and destroy our currently superior naval forces. Of course, all of this is increasingly done automatically by AI. -/- By far the biggest ally of the CCP is the Democratic party of the USA. -/- The choice is to stop the CCP now or watch as they extend the Chinese prison over the whole world. -/- Of course, universal surveillance and digitizing of our lives is inevitable everywhere. Anyone who does not think so is profoundly out of touch. -/- Of course, it is the optimists who expect the Chinese sociopaths to rule the world while the pessimists (who view themselves as realists) expect AI sociopathy (or AS as I call it – i.e., Artificial Stupidity or Artificial Sociopathy) to take over, perhaps by 2030. -/- Those interested in further details on the lunatic path of modern society may consult my other works such as Suicide by Democracy-an Obituary for America and the World 4th Edition 2019 and Suicidal Utopian Delusions in the 21st Century: Philosophy, Human Nature and the Collapse of Civilization 5th ed (2019) . (shrink)

June 2022 A Revolutionary New Metaphysics, Based on Consciousness, and a Call to All Philosophers We are in a unique moment of our history unlike any previous moment ever. Virtually all human economies are based on the destruction of the Earth, and we are now at a place in our history where we can foresee if we continue on as we are, our own extinction. As I write, the planet is in deep trouble, heat, fires, great storms, and record flooding, (...) weather patterns drastic everywhere. Capitalism has been so successful in supplying us with an endless array of consumer items, that we have never noticed there is a cost. But there is a cost, the cost is the very life of the Earth herself, and now the day of reckoning is here. Days of reckoning are most often days of rath. But I am hoping that this is a day of major Awakening over the entire planet. We have caused a crisis so great for the Earth we can hardly get our minds around it. But I am proposing that deeply embedded in the crisis are ideas, about who and what the Earth is, Ourselves, and what we are here for. I am proposing that this is a call to all philosophy and philosophers to rethink ourselves from the ground up. The human race has never gotten the Earth right and now we must, for the Earth is the true foundation for civilization. We are in deep trouble with the Earth, and it owes to the fact that the great male thinkers never got the Earth right, they could never make the connection between the life of mind and the life of the Earth. I am proposing that deeply embedded in the crisis we are in are ideas. And that in fact the planet is in the grip of a false metaphysics, and scientific image of nature that really comes most recently from Descartes. His conviction that matter, and with it the Earth, are simply the weighable, the measurable the extended in space and time, utterly devoid of any inner life of mind thoughts or Consciousness. This view of matter and the Earth goes back to the very dawn of thought, Descartes is just its most recent and comprehensive version of things. This view of matter is really a false metaphysics that dominates most of the modern world and underpins the whole scientific image of nature itself. I am proposing this is a false metaphysics and offering a new version of things based on Consciousness. If there is a single idea fueling and driving the destruction of the planet, it is the conviction that the Earth is something without Consciousness. When you intend to ravage and savage the planet, turn it into consumer items to be converted into money in the bank, first pretend that all of the bright beings in the natural world are devoid of Consciousness, just “things” you do not have to have any conscious about destroying them. I am proposing that this term Consciousness, that has appeared as term and a problem for modern science, is the key to getting ourselves right with the Earth. I propose this new theory for science will ramify into every other disciplines as well, and the ways we think just about everything. This old paradigm based on a false theory of matter, has run its course, it has brought us to the brink of our own extinction. We need new ideas, and we need them now. You will find my recent work in the Scientific God Journal under the title: Consciousness as the Organizing Principle, and a very complete version of my arguments for this term Consciousness, along with radical reinterpretation of modern science itself, on the Galileo Commission site. It is a radical moment for all of the thinkers among us, take this as my small contribution to rethinking ourselves in new terms, based on my understanding that the true basis for the whole of Being, the Universe, the Cosmos, and with them Ourselves, is this term Consciousness. And unpack it. And I predict that with this term Consciousness every intractable human problem in both science and the modern world will go down like a line of dominos before it. And so, here are a few new ideas I would offer you. These are the times of the Reappearance of the Feminine, a great Awakening as of Springtime after a long dark and lonely Winter. We are leaving behind us an old civilization based on male dominance, fear lies and control, now in decay, disease, and death disintegrating all around us. We are moving into a whole new civilization based on Love and Truth. A new civilization requires new basic terms values and first principles. And so, I return to Descartes. 1. Just over 300 years ago a young man travelling with the army found himself stranded in a foreign town in a bare room lit by a candle with nothing to do but think. And in a couple of nights Descartes laid the entire thought foundations for modern science and most of the modern world. It isn’t clear that modern philosophers with their funding sources of grants, their graduate students, their reputation and all the perks and privileges of academia can do any better. Descartes claimed there are just two principles in the Universe, Matter and Mind. God was pure mind; human beings were mind and matter. And we are the only ones on the planet with mind. Everything else all of the bright array of beings who share the planet with us are simply matter. And matter? The weighable the measurable the extended in space and time utterly devoid of any inner life of thoughts, feelings, or Consciousness This classification was a boon for developing science. Scientists did not have to worry about any inner life in nature, ideas or Consciousness, they could just set about weighing and measuring, as they have until the present day. But it was a disaster for the Earth. Earth was once worshiped as a Goddess. With Descartes she became almost overnight “things.” Simply commodities and resources, an endless of supply of consumer items, to be turned into money in the bank. And now Descartes concept of matter is up for us. If there is a single idea that is enabling and driving the destruction of the Earth, it is the conviction that Earth is something without Consciousness. This whole scientific image of nature as something devoid of Consciousness is driving the destruction of the Earth, and driving us all insane, and it needs to change. Ever since Descartes formulated Dualism, scientists and philosophers have been trying to get rid of it. They have done this by attempting to make matter the fundamental term of reality, and to explain mind or Consciousness in terms of matter. And now, Consciousness has emerged as term and a problem for modern science. 2. The prevailing Universe picture has been mainly based on the belief that Consciousness appears only at the end of evolution in ourselves and some of the higher animals when matter attains “a certain state of complexity” and it is produced by neurons in the brain. But Consciousness is nothing real in itself, the neurons are doing the work, Consciousness is simply a byproduct of neural activity. As William James summed up this position, not his: Consciousness is to the brain as a shadow to the runner, it runs beside him but never influences his stride. And so, the great problem of neuroscience: How do neurons produce Consciousness? So far, no one has been able to say how. All we have is parallelism. Two processes are running in parallel a train of neural events and a train of Consciousness events. And so, which one is primary? The face of neuroscience and much of the modern world is that the neural events are what is really real, Consciousness is secondary. The conviction that Consciousness is something produced by neurons is so deeply held and has been so for so long, that it seems like an obvious fact. It is in fact an assumption and a theory, and it could all well be the other way around. The scientific image of nature as something devoid of Consciousness is now up for us. It has enabled the destruction of the Earth, and we are now at a unique place in our own evolution where we can foresee if we continue on as we are, our own extinction. And so, there are the best reasons for rethinking Descartes concepts of matter. Scientists and philosophers have been trying to escape dualism by making matter the fundamental term. And now, this has not worked. In a nutshell: The mind body problem, the “hard problem of Consciousness” ---how do neurons in the brain, atoms and molecules give rise to ideas thoughts and feelings and who what and where is the “I” who sees them? And then, the near-death experience. I remind you of the truth of the near-death experience. The body in the bed is brain dead eeg flat, but the patient, pure Consciousness is hovering at the ceiling watching the doctors work over the body below, able to read dials he could not have seen from the bed, sometimes able to events in the corridor beyond the room, all subsequently confirmed by the doctors. Evidence as good as it gets that the patient really was out of his body. And so, the patient is able to see without eyes, hear without ears and to think and remember without a brain. There is not a single scientific principle that can account for this. And I am proposing that the near-death experience is a threshold and a key for a much deeper understanding of the Universe. These three problems are so hard they cannot be solved by present scientific principles and therefore call all present principles and ways of thought into question. When your axioms cannot account for the data, it is time to drop them and find better fundamental terms. We have not been able to solve the problems of Consciousness with the assumption that matter is the most basic and fundamental term. And so, if Cartesian dualism is to be overcome at all, we need to try it the other way around. 3. We are in the position of Copernicus. Remember Copernicus? He was making his calculations on the assumption that the Earth was the center of the Universe until they became so unwieldy that he decided to try it all the other way around. To make the sun the center, the Earth revolving around it. And lo, all of his data fell neatly into place. I am proposing a whole new Universe picture. Evolution makes us continuous with every other being, Consciousness would not be in us if it were not in them also, and then, in the atoms and molecules and cells that make up living beings. I propose to make Consciousness the most basic term and see what follows. I am in fact, proposing a new Copernican Revolution, that Consciousness is the true basis for the Universe and the right fundamental term, for science itself all other disciplines as well, and the whole of the modern world. And I predict that every intractable problem in science or the modern world, will go down like a line of dominos before it. In a nutshell: Consciousness and not matter is “first and fundamental” in the Universe, it is there from the very “Beginning” everything has it and all of the true causalities, the explanatory principles belong to it. Not to matter. What then is matter? All matter is an Appearance of something much more real, Consciousness. All matter is an expression of Consciousness, even the least little bit of matter contains Consciousness, and is an expression of Consciousness. And so, we revise the scientific image of nature. Science at present is two termed, matter/energy. It needs to become three termed: Matter/energy/Consciousness, with the recognition that all of the basic principles, the true causalities of events, and of the Universe belong to Consciousness. And now physics. To accommodate this new Universe picture physics needs to alter just one term, energy. All energy contains Consciousness, that idea alone will change our world forever. The animals the trees the plants are just as conscious as we are, as is the Earth herself, a continuum of many forms of Consciousness of which our own is one. The Earth consists of interacting and intersecting forms of Consciousness, Consciousness within Consciousness within Consciousness within Consciousness. A remarkable work has just appeared entitled “Beyond Words What Animals Feel and Think.” Describing in detail how like ourselves all of the animals are. And the more we can see how like us everything else really is, the harder it will be for us to do them all in, in the interest of turning them into consumer items. And so, here is a new principle of understanding, that entails completely new forms of explanation, and a whole new Universe picture to be spelled out in terms of Consciousness and its various properties. This is a Universe that is aware awake and Enspirited throughout. And so, there is only one principle, not two. And so, how does Consciousness work? There is “no mind/body problem.” My Consciousness is aligning the Consciousness of neurons in the brain, that aligns the Consciousness of all other cells in the body, that aligns the Consciousness of molecules and atoms themselves. Mainly from the top down, but also interactive, and not reduction to the purely physical forces. 4. And so, here is a radical new Universe picture, and with it a new way to think about the Universe itself, the Earth, Ourselves, and Spirit. It requires a complete revision of both of the terms of modern science itself. The problem of the modern world owes in deep measure to Descartes concept of matter as something devoid of interior life. But he is only the most powerful and simple expression of a whole tradition of thought that predates him, that goes back to the very dawn of thought itself. It owes to the conviction of both Plato and Aristotle that the Earth was something devoid of reason, or mind, and therefore something to be held in complete contempt. We are emerging from a civilization based on contempt for the Earth, and down the road, it will become contempt for the body, sex, women, the Native people, and people of color everywhere. And so, this entire tradition is now up for us, it has brought us to the brink of our own extinction, and we need to get beyond it. I am proposing that this term Consciousness is the way out. The missing piece of the puzzle and the idea whose time has come. And it will enable us to move into a completely new civilization based on respect for the Earth, women, sex, people of color, that honors everyone and has a place for all. Revolutions in science occur when new data show up that cannot be accounted for by existing paradigms (Thomas Kuhns: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions). Consciousness, and all the properties and problems of Consciousness are just such data, and they compel a new scientific revolution. But we are a scientific age. A new Copernican revolution in science is such as revolution everywhere. And Consciousness is the key to getting every other reality at all levels and depths right as well. It will enable us finally to get the Earth right, get ourselves right with the Earth, and with one another. Archimedes: Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world. I am proposing a new synthesis among our fundamental terms in which this term Consciousness is the new lynchpin. And so, I return once more to Descartes. Descartes in the Mediations was a dualist, they were two realities interacting in the pineal gland mind and body. But Descartes age was high on “Cartesianisms,” on Descartes concept of matter. Animals were simply cleverly wired machines (Hobbes called them automata). Rumor had it that Descartes followers went about kicking dogs reasoning that their howls were not due to any feelings of pain, but simply the wiring of the machine. We have been doing this to the Earth ever since, and now the Earth is not going to stand for it any longer. It is time we all woke up. There is no matter in Descartes sense of it, or in Plato and Aristotle’s sense of it. This old concept of matter is embedded in all of the crisis and catastrophes---fires, drought, pandemics, over population, the disintegrating economies, our ways of life, capitalism and consumerism themselves. All matter is Enspirited, contains Consciousness, and is an expression of Consciousness. Now I tell you something about Descartes you may not know. In the Mediations was a dualist, there are minds and bodies. But by the end of his life, he knew the truth. Descartes guided his whole life by these vivid dreams, and toward the end of his life he had this dream: He saw the Universe as a giant machine and in the heart of the machine propelling the whole, was Consciousness. And so, out of the shades and shadows and into the light of day. Here is a renewed and a new science, a new cosmology. And with it, a revolutionary new metaphysics. The whole of the modern world is in the grip of a false metaphysics, based on Descartes theory of matter. Here is a new, and finally true metaphysics based on the single term, Consciousness. 5. And in all my works, I spell out this new metaphysics based on Consciousness, and what it means for how we think about virtually everything: The Universe, the Earth, Ourselves, and Spirit. Of who, what and where Spirit is, that we may connect with Spirit everywhere. There is only one term for the Universe, and not two, this single term Consciousness, that manifests itself in two modes: Consciousness in Form, Consciousness Formless. And so, here is a sketch of what this new term Consciousness really means. For four great aspects of the real, four new cornerstones for a whole new civilization on Earth, based on Love and Truth. A. For the Universe: New causalities, all matter is an expression of Consciousness, awake and aware, Enspirited throughout, which has a place for the causalities of love ideas intent plan and purpose, what Aristotle called final causality, that for the sake of which. And it has a place for subjectivity, the greatest mystery in the whole of the Universe, knowable only in ourselves, but there in everything else as well, bedrock in the chain of causalities. The buck stops here. Here are two very different Universe pictures. The Cartesian Universe consists of things, pushed, and pulled around by the physical forces that function blind. The true Universe consists of selves and not things. Selves at least in ourselves, are organized and focused about an I, an I am, or a sense of self in everything, ever other being dear to itself. Just one aspect of subjectivity. And so, it is Consciousness all the way down, and subjectivity all the way down. Science proceeds on the basis of the negligible of what it can leave out as unimportant. Subjectivity is the ultimate animating principle of the Universe. What Descartes really did was to strip from nature what is most essential about it, its animating principle Consciousness. And so, we come out of a long history of “clunk.” The great male thinkers have killed creation. First in concepts and now in the lived life. And so, after centuries of fruitless search, not all of it in vain, finally, and just in time the true basic principle for the Universe has shown up in virtually all disciplines, this term Consciousness. B. And so, the Earth: What does this term Consciousness really mean for the Earth? It means that all of the bright array of beings around us have Consciousness. And the more we can realize how like us they are, the harder it will be to do them all in. Is this what it really means to be “made in the image of Spirit?” To destroy ever other living being? The god of Genesis is a creator god who has created billions and billions of living forms. Man, taking himself to be made in the image of Spirit has destroyed virtually all of it. The Earth is not things, not commodities and resources, not an endless array of consumer goods. The Earth consists of conscious living spiritual beings like ourselves, who need to be honored and respected, nurtured and cared for, to be Loved. And if the human race can finally pull it off and bring Love here and start helping the Earth rather than destroying her, even our vast numbers now at 8 billion, may not matter. Deeply embedded in the modern world is a false cosmology based on the hitherto useful but ultimately false metaphysics of Descartes. In particular it owes to Descartes concepts of matter, and of the Earth, as something devoid of Consciousness. And now this concept is up for us. If there is a single idea enabling and driving the destruction of the planet, it is the conviction that the Earth is something devoid of Consciousness. And we all have a vested interest in keeping this false concept in place. When you intend to ravage and savage the Earth, to turn it into consumer items, and money in the bank, first pretend she has no Consciousness that way we need not have any conscious about it. We are in deep trouble with the planet. Virtually all human economies are based on the destruction of the Earth, and we are now at a place in our history where we can foresee if we continue on as we are, our own extinction. And so, here are a few new guiding principles for the planet, based on Consciousness. Consciousness has field properties. The Earth is Consciousness throughout, connected and interconnected throughout, intersecting and interacting fields of Consciousness of which our own is one. To harm one is to harm all. Only this understanding of the Earth can set our destructive technologies, and capitalism, their goals, and their limits. The real problem with capitalism, and with civilization itself is it has no true understanding of the Earth, all the exquisite networks and webworks that connect all beings with one another. Nor it is about to admit that the Earth is our “life support system,” reason gone insane in the modern world. We are destroying our life support system, capitalism is the full expression of the human death wish in the modern world, and it needs to change. And now, let the barriers between ourselves and all other beings go down. C. And so, Ourselves. This new Universe picture based on Consciousness opens into and has a place for new concepts of human identity. In particular, it has a place for reincarnation, a process whereby one Consciousness dons’ bodies again and again and lays them down. This is a process wholly impossible on materialistic theories. This new view of things puts a higher perspective on Freudian determinism, which is a partial knowing in a greater account. We are something more than the victims of genes drives and childhood. We are immortally eternal evolving spiritual beings who take on a cycle of earthly lives in order to achieve certain goals and abilities, and then, our earthly cycle complete, we depart the Earth plane for other areas of the Universe physical or purely spiritual, to continue our evolution elsewhere. The scientific evidence for reincarnation is increasing on all sides, see for example the work of Michael Newton, a mainstream scientist forced to confront the fact of reincarnation. A completely new reincarnational picture is now emerging everywhere. We choose our parents for abilities we could acquire through them. We all come here with reasons for being here, and we all have free will, an original property of Consciousness, and we work out our issues accordingly. We all come here with the same reason for being here. It is to experience the Earth plane and human society at all levels and depths, in every social role, every climate, both sexes male and female and in all races. We are all here to acquire a deep understanding of the Earth plane with all its challenges and all of its present problems. We are not here to devour and consume the Earth, but to honor her for the learning experience she makes available for us. And so, reincarnation is the great equalizer, the fundamental basis for any bill of rights. Many of the problems of the modern world owe to the fact that reincarnation has not been taught in the West. Reincarnation was the center piece of Jesus teachings. It was banned by a fourth century council that decided the populous could best be controlled through fear. They edited all mention of reincarnation from the scriptures, and inserted fear terms instead, a judgmental god, and so on. If reincarnation had been taught, there would have been no suppression of women, but the gift of both sexes would have been honored and developed. And there would have been no reason for contempt for people of color because who they are, we have been or will be. There is no reason to look down on anyone when we know that our own identity includes membership in theirs. The truth of reincarnation needs to be the foundation for getting ourselves right with the Earth, and with one another. D. And so, Spirit. This new Universe picture, based on Consciousness, has a place for Spirit as simply Infinite Consciousness. All universes all worlds are formed out of this Consciousness, divine and sacred throughout. And Spirit is everywhere in the Earth and can be connected everywhere. And the Native North American people had things right. Everything has its own Spirit, and without contradiction is also an expression of Spirit. And what I am really doing in terms of concepts of modern science is presenting the Native North American version of the Real. And this new Universe picture has a place for the essential insight of all religions almost smothered by church tradition: Love. Not an emotion but a great Oneness, that can be found everywhere, even in a busy city street. But especially in the Earth, that is levels and depths of Oneness everywhere. And so, for the first time in their long and bitter antagonistic history, science and religion now share a common base with this term Spirit, the lynchpin in a new conceptual framework. And I offer an interpretation of where we are in our history, this present moment of historical grace, and these tumultuous times in which we live, the return of the Goddess and the Divine Feminine, the Reappearance of the Feminine in history, the Advent of Women, this great Awakening, as of Springtime after a long dark Winter, the Awakening, the Second Coming. And so, stay tuned! (shrink)

Understanding the relationship between experts and laypeople is crucial for understanding today’s world of post-truth and the contemporary crisis of liberal democracy. The emergence of post-truth has been linked to various phenomena such as a flawed social and mass media ecosystem, poor citizen education, and the manipulation tactics of powerful interest groups. The paper argues that the problem is, however, more profound. The underlying issue is laypeople’s inevitable epistemic dependence on experts. The latter is part and parcel of the “risk (...) society” in which people question the scientific consensus and thus are able to manipulate the facts. It is a powerful weapon in the hands of illiberal democrats, though liberal democrats can make no use of it. The latter downplay the problem of citizens’ epistemic deficits and of the epistemic asymmetries between them. The third and fourth generations of deliberative democrats are a perfect example. The paper argues that the concepts of interactional expertise and epistemic dependence explain why understanding between experts and laypeople is impossible. The said phenomena undermine liberalism’s unrealistic assumptions concerning citizens’ decision-making competence. (shrink)

This paper discusses the influence of digital media and its online presence on freedom of speech in Vietnam by analyzing three different kinds of emerging online media tools: blogosphere, electronic/online newspapers, and social media networks (SNSs). As a single- party socialist republic country, the controlling power of the media lays in the hands of the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV). The Doi Moi reform in 1986, marketization and the introduction of the Internet in 1997 have slightly transformed the Vietnamese (...) media environment, however, it remains highly restricted. This paper explores several sources including academic research, research articles, as well as analysis of online press coverage in the Vietnamese media environment to examine governmental control over the media which influences the free flow of information. Understanding digital media developments within the Vietnamese online media environment helps us to understand how Vietnamese netizens utilize these tools to maximize their online freedom of speech, the CPV"s approach to regulate the Internet in order to maintain its legitimacy, and several challenges facing Vietnamese netizens including bloggers, journalists, and the wider public in the digital age. (shrink)

This essay will examine the role of cultural memory in an age of global interconnection. It will discuss how the traditional idea of culture is threatened by the “culture industry,” information technology and the media. In the West, there seems to be a loss of culture’s function as an engine of change and reform. But throughout the history of South East Asia (and especially in Indonesia) one sees a both a process of appropriation of ideas from the outside, and (...) at the same time, the maintenance of a deeper cultural identity that is resistant to complete control. It is an unconscious memory – or a cultural reflex – present within the languages and stories and rationalities. I will explain this with reading of Michel de Certeau. And I will show how the Wayang story of the “Death of Semar” is emblematic of this idea. The awareness of these old processes of appropriation and resistance are extremely important in our age of global networks of power that attempt to impose, various religious, political, financial and legal structures. (shrink)

The present working paper analyzes the world order in the past, present and future as well as the main factors, foundations and ideas underlying the maintaining and change of the international and global order. The first two sections investigate the evolution of the world order starting from the ancient times up to the late twentieth century. The third section analyzes the origin and decline of the world order based on the American hegemony. The authors reveal contradictions of the current unipolar (...) world and explain in what way globalization has become more profitable for the developing countries but not for the developed ones. The paper also explains the strengthening belief that the US leading status will inevitably weaken. In this connection we discuss the alternatives of the American strategy and the possibility of the renaissance of the American leadership. The last section presents a factor analysis which allows stating that the world is shifting toward a new balance of power and is likely to become the world without a leader. The new world order will consist of a number of large blocks, coalitions and countries acting within a framework of rules and mutual responsibility. However, the transition to a new world order will take certain time (about two decades). This period, which we denote as the epoch of new coalitions, will involve a reconfiguration of the World-System and bring an increasing turbulence and conflict intensity. There are grounds to conclude that in 2011–2012 the World-System experienced to some extent a phase transition to a qualitatively new state of global protest activity. This phase transition is shown to bear some resemblance to the one which the World-System experienced in the early 1960s. The first (after 1919) phase transition of this sort occurred in the early 1960s and was related to the growth of global informational connectivity after the World War II, as well as the improvement of the means of protest self-organization due to the spread of television, portable radio receivers, portable electric loud-speakers and other technologies of the Fourth Kondratieff Cycle. The phase transition of the early 2010s was prepared by a new wave of growth of global informational connectivity, as well as the improvement of the means of protest self-organization due to the spread of various technologies of the Fifth Kondratieff cycle (the Internet, satellite television, Twitter and other social networks, mobile telephony etc.). Similarly to what was observed during the Fourth Kondratieff Wave, during the Fifth Cycle while the spread of these technologies was going on for many years before 2011, their internal colossal potential for generating and spreading protest activity was realized in one leap, as a phase transition. (shrink)

During the past decades, the culture industries have multiplied media spectacles in novel spaces and sites, and spectacle itself is becoming one of the organizing principles of the economy, polity, society, and everyday life. An Internet-based economy has been developing hi-tech spectacle as a means of promotion, reproduction, and the circulation and selling of commodities, using multimedia and increasingly sophisticated technology to dazzle consumers. M edia culture proliferates ever more technologically sophisticated spectacles to seize audiences and augment their power (...) and profit. The forms of entertainment permeate news and information, and a tablodized infotainment culture is more and more popular. New multimedia that synthesize forms of radio, film, TV news and entertainment, and the mushrooming domain of cyberspace, become spectacles of technoculture, generating expanding sites of information and entertainment, while intensifying the spectacle-form of media culture. Political and social life is also shaped more and more by media spectacle. Social and political conflicts are increasingly played out on the screens of media culture, which display spectacles like sensational murder cases, terrorist bombings, celebrity and political sex scandals, and the explosive violence of everyday life. M edia culture not only takes up expanding moments of contemporary experience, but also provides ever more material for fantasy, dreaming, modeling thought and behavior, and constructing identities. Of course, there have been spectacles since premodern times. Classical Greece had its Olympics, thespian and poetry festivals, its public rhetorical battles, and bloody and violent wars. Ancient Rome had its public offerings of bread and circuses, its orgies, its titanic political battles, and the spectacle of Empire with parades and monuments for triumphant Caesars and their armies, extravaganzas put on display in the 2000 film Gladiator.. (shrink)

Abstract: Age and gender classification has been around for a long time, and efforts are still being made to improve the findings. This has been the case since the inception of social media platforms. Visible understanding has become more important in the computer vision society with the emergence of AI increase in performance and help train a model to achieve age and gender classification. Although these networks built for the mobile platform are not always as accurate as the larger, more (...) resource- intensive networks we've come to know and love, they stand out when it comes to the accuracy trade-off. Despite the importance of these attributes in our daily lives, the ability to estimate them efficiently from face images is still far from meeting the requirements of commercial applications. (shrink)

The thrust of this paper is to assess the efficacy of establishing African Global Media channel to strike a balance in communication between Africa and the rest of the world. This paper is a reaction to the imbalance in communication flow as engineered by the global media. Global media has contributed greatly to cultural domination in Africa by Europe and the Western world. These channels of communication such as), Cable News Network (CNN), British Broadcasting Corporation (BBQ, DeutseWelle Television (DWTV) (...) including a host of other transnational print media, transmit programmes with cultural values from Europe and America to Africa. Consequently local African media and their attempts to preserve African culture are frustrated. This paper therefore recommends African governments' committed investment in local industrialization, re-structuring information and communication industries to serve African developmental purposes and the establishment of a unified African Global Media Channels. (shrink)

With the 21st century, we are witnessing the mass spread of the communication technologies and social media revolution. Interactive networks built on a global scale have led to the formation of a virtual world of reality that is connecting the whole world. With the global spread of communication networks, the question of whether social media points to a new public sphere has been raised. Social media applications such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram are nowadays seen as a place where political (...) campaigns are carried out, causing the destruction of authoritarian regimes, organizing global protests and innovation culture, and discussing political, social and cultural changes. What gives social media a similar quality to the agora of Ancient Greek city-states is the characteristic of been a place where citizens come together and talk about issues that are considered to be public, eventhough in a virtual reality. This work, following the Arendtian sense, discusses whether social media really is a place where public issues are discussed, common ideas are produced and transparency prevails. In her work "The Human Condition", Arendt makes a fundamental distinction between private and public sphere based on human activities. By conceiving the activities that she describes as labour and work in relation to the private sphere, Arendt tackles the activity of action through linking it to public sphere. Arendt defines the public sphere as a sphere of freedom and a political sphere. The public sphere consists of equal people without hierarchy, who come together with their completely free will. According to Arendt, the condition for the public sphere to be possible is transparency and commonality. Firstly; it has a wide transparency in the sense that something have to be seen and heard by others, and the second is that it points to a common world that belongs to everyone, except for the part that is privately owned. Considering the public sphere in relation to the transparency not a direct transfer of things that happen in the private or intimate sphere. It is precisely related to the fact that something pertaining to the private exhibits a presence within the world of public and the fact that the private acquires a public chatacter. This does not mean that the public sphere is a sphere in which the private and intimate are directly transferred. According to Arendt, leading a private life as a whole will lead to the lack of what is necessary to be a true person. It also leads to the lack of a common world that unites and separates them. Arendt thinks that with the modern period, what belongs to the purely private and intimate sphere expands and causes the collapse of the public. The collapse of the public sphere in the modern period; It has caused both the loss of difference and interaction and the emergence of individuals who are increasingly alike, unable to think and act. In this kind of society, action has left its place to behavior, difference to standartization and thought to obedience. Arendt sees the public sphere as a sphere where public affairs are discussed, while the private sphere is a sphere where intimate and private activities take place. Arendt argues that with modern society the distinction between public and private has became indistinct , and as a third sphere, the social sphere has swallowed up both the public and the private. The social sphere has removed the distinction between the public transparency and commonality of the public and the privacy of the private sphere and activities. This study considers social media as a sphere where public issues are discussed. It also dıscusses the private sphere events and the most intimate issues. It claims that social media is not a new public sphere as it is cosidered, but it is a social sphere in which the distinction between private and public in the Arendtian sense is become indistinct. In this context, the study seeks to answer the following questions: How does the distinction between public and private spheres, which is central in Arendt's thought, look like in today’s world? Is it possible to talk about a public sphere in the modern age? Can social media be considered as a public sphere? Or is social media a sphere of freedom and a political sphere? Does social media allow discussions on public issues? Is social media a non-hierarchical nature open to the free participation of everyone, difference and plurality? (shrink)

The thrust of this paper is to access the efficacy of establishing African Global Media channel to strike a balance in communication between Africa and the rest of the world. This paper is a reaction to the imbalance in communication flow as engineered by the global media. Global media has contributed greatly to cultural domination in Africa by Europe and the Western World. These channels of communication such as, Cable News Network (CNN), British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), Deutse Welle Television (...) (DWTV) including a host of other transnational print media, transmit programmes with cultural values from Europe and America to Africa. Consequently local African media and their attempts to preserve African Culture are frustrated. This paper therefore recommends African governments' committed investment in local industrialization, restructuring information and communication industries to serve African development purposes and the establishment of a unified African Global Media Channels. (shrink)

In this paper, I'm questing the human insecurity and loneliness in a world struggling with a newfound understanding of mortality, change and technological intervention. I took Kazu Ishiguro's novel "Klara and the Sun" as it contains certain themes that depict not only the idea of struggling man in the new age, but also how the digital age is disrupting the human feelings. It reflects the patterns of the changing world while exploring the true meaning of love. Ishiguro has used a (...) science fictional lens to deeply explain how humans interact and connect and has also tried to analyze the loneliness, isolation, and emotional behavior of humans. Mentioning that, the writer has also shed light on different layers of the society and has beautifully penned the lives of people in different segments of the society. I suppose that we are ironically ill prepared for the new psychological world we are creating. Making robots which are emotionally powerful as Klara; while at the same time, hearing statements such as “technology is just a tool” that deny the power of our creations both on us as individuals and on our culture. I am concerned here with the ways technologies change our human identities and interrelations. Are the designers of these robots regarding them as just tools? Then why their users experience them as carriers of meanings and emotions? I am raising a controversial question here: is just a robot capable of exchanging emotion and love? Have humans been drained completely from the ability of reciprocating compassion and understanding? Now the point is not what computers can do or what computers will be like in the future, but rather, what we will be like? What we need to ask is not whether robots will be able to love us but rather why we might love robots. (shrink)

For more than a decade, an aura of discontentment has challenged existing models and theories that have established the structures in various fields of human endeavours such as philosophy, architecture, political science, media, literature, arts and the humanities in general. For instance, the architectural design of what was hitherto referred to as modern building has at least a sitting room (parlour), a kitchen, a bathroom and a toilet as well as two or more number of bedrooms depending on the size (...) of the family, including the master's bedroom. This design was a view that transcended from the old traditional caves and all manner of living spaces that were devised by the early man. The modern concept arose out of man's need to assume a better living status based on his new initiatives. In the field of media and communication, the period of technological evolvement and development that brought about the coinage of descriptive terms such as 'electronic age' and now 'computer age', was preceded by a 'stone age' where the means of communication was prototypical of that archaic society. Though nothing has changed tremendously in interpersonal communication, there are modern means of interpersonal communication made possible by the advent of the telephone. Prior to the advent of this modern technology, interpersonal communication was only made possible in a face-to-face situation or mere errand. Mass Communication in early traditional societies was done with the use of smoke or town-criers who were employed to go round the communities with their gongs to make announcements. This means of communication hardly made it possible for ideas or information to be shared among people who resided in different parts of the world, unlike today. (shrink)

Source: Author: Marwan Kadhim Mohammed, Wan Roselezam Wan Yahya Martin Amis's manipulation of the patriarchal concept of power is a notable indication of his transgressive attitudes that raise remarkable questions about the human identity. Transgressing power investigates the violation of the normal and familiar trends of literature in order to circulate a new discourse by which a new identity is reframed. Hence, the study of power in Martin Amis's novels, as an important technique of (...) class='Hi'>identity re-definition, is not taken into consideration in the light of Foucault's theory of power. The objective of this study is to examine the role applied by transgression as a technique of subverting the common discourse of power in the field of identity re-formation. The study investigates the concept of power manipulated in Amis's Money to define the identity of the 'New Man'. Accordingly, the Foucauldian theory of power is taken as a framework of this study. The study reveals a conclusion in which the transgressive aspects of power are effectively utilized by Amis to re-define the identity of his protagonist in the novel. Although John Self-has finally lost his name and fortune, which are necessary demands to define one's self-in the patriarchal society, he finds his own new identity away from the materialistic norms of the common discourse. ]]>. (shrink)

Corporative global media cannot be an instrument of the culture of peace, because they have made widespread individualistic values of the consummative society. Through their symbolic power, they successfully dominate over every sphere of existence of a society: politics, economic life, social ties, national culture, human communication and private life. Traditional media could not be a factor in the promotion and development of culture of peace, simply because they are proponents of corporative economic and political interests. It is in (...) the interest of citizens to counter the activities of “rapacious capitalism” (SCHMIDT 1998), of local comprador political and economic elites, and the practice of robbery of their work; to bridle the proliferation of weapons and acts of aggression. (shrink)

Quentin Meillassoux’s ‘Spectral Dilemma offers philosophy an answer to an age old problem, one that Pascal had intimated on in the wager. Is it better to believe in God for life or abstain from belief and declare atheism? The paradox of theism and atheism has separated philosophy for centuries by limiting the possibilities for real thought. For Meillassoux, there is more at stake than just the limitations of thought. Both atheism and theism have exhausted all the conditions of human life. (...) In order to answer this paradox Meillassoux must combine religious insight that the dead must be resurrected with the atheist conviction that God does not exist. (Harman, Quentin Meillassoux, Philosophy in the Making p.87). The aforementioned insight, grounds Meillassoux’s position in what he calls a Divine Ethics. The concept of the Divine carries both atheism and theism to their ultimate consequences to unveil the truth that … “God does not exist, and also that it is quite necessary to believe in God (Harman p.236). The Divine links both assertions in an absolute ethics which Meillassoux calls Divinology. This leads us to our next question what is the Spectral Dilemma? In order to answer this question, we cannot rely solely on what the dilemma is, for it is not, a sufficient account of what Meillassoux is trying to solve. We must proceed to understand the conditions of what Divine Ethics are, and how the Divinology can best represent life for both the living and the dead. What is a spectre? According to Meillassoux it is a dead person who has not been properly mourned (Meillassoux, Spectral Dilemma p.261). This person’s death haunts us. This haunting is the mere fact that we cannot mourn their loss, for as time passes by, our bond with the dead, or dearly departed, proves to be inadequate for our own lives. This haunting leads us to utter despair. The sheer horror of their death is a burden that lays heavy on our backs; and not just our own backs, or our families backs, but for all those people who have crossed their paths in history (Meillassoux p. 262). These terrible deaths are called Essential Spectres and they include all deaths, such as, odious, premature, the death of children, the death of parents; and all of those poor individuals who know that their own destiny will at some point in time, be the same as these poor individuals (Meillassoux p.262). But it is precisely all death in its inconclusive finality that haunts us all, not just natural deaths or even violent grueling death and causalities of war. These essential spectres, are the dead who refuse to Passover, even though they are gone. This concept must seem absurd to any reader to believe in them, but still, Meillassoux makes his point that these essential spectres still cry out to us all, that they still exist with us (Meillassoux p.262). Meillassoux claims that the completion of mourning must occur and Essential Mourning, which is described as an accomplishment of a living relationship with the dead, as opposed to maintaining a morbid bond with those who have survived after their deaths (Meillassoux p.263). According to Meillassoux, essential mourning grants us the possibility, of forming a bond again with the dearly departed (Meillassoux p.263). This bond actively animates their memory into our lives again, but the concept of accomplishment means, that to live again with those essential spectres … “[R]ather than relating to them with the memory of their morbid death” (Meillassoux p.263). In order to fully understand this possibility, we must ask the question does God exist. Is there a merciful spirit, which transcends all of humanity? Is this God working in the world? If so, then why do essential spectres exist? How is it possible that these terrible deaths occur in the world and are allowed by such a God? If this is so, that God allows these deaths to occur then perhaps God is not all powerful? Perhaps this so called transcendent principle is absent in the world (Meillassoux p.263).Meillassoux states that both the religious and atheist options do not allow for essential mourning to take place. Both these positions lead to disappear when confronting death. What is needed is what will follow in the rest of this paper … a Divine Inexistence. We need to assert the existence of a Virtual-God that is both inexistent and possible, but also contingent and unmasterable (Harman p.89). The Divine Inexistence is the main concept of Meillassoux’s Divinology but also the answer to the spectral dilemma, that a new ethics is both possible and needed. This Divine Ethics will both save Essential Spectres and Philosophy. My essential claim is that the actual article ‘Spectral Dilemma’ published in collapse Journal, is insufficient in fully answering the problem of essential spectres. The juxtaposition of atheism and theism is not enough to philosophically explain the significance of the Divine Inexistence. The article is not lengthy enough to explain how ontology, contingent-metaphysics and ethics relate to the fundamental problem. The Divine Inexistence must be fully articulated with the entirety of Meillassoux’s Divinology. I will attempt to fully express the entirety of Meillassoux for my reader, while at the same time, offering a comprehensive answer to the spectral dilemma. -/- . (shrink)

This research explores the impact of media engagement on the identity perceptions of the Aeta Ambala, an indigenous group in the Philippines, particularly after the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption. This catastrophic event led to significant displacement and cultural shifts for the Aeta, who were forced to adapt to urban lifestyles. The study focuses on the differences in identity perceptions between the older and younger generations, with the former holding onto pre-eruption cultural norms and the latter aligning more with (...) urban and resettlement community cultures. Employing in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, the study finds that media representations often negatively portray the Aeta Ambala, leading to discrimination and altering self-perception. Despite this, the community maintains a strong sense of ethnic identity, viewing it as an immutable aspect of their heritage. Media engagement is seen as inevitable for staying informed, particularly in emergencies, but it also influences perceptions of the outside world and reshapes cultural and ethnic identity. Younger generations, more engaged with media, tend to adopt external beauty standards and lifestyles, leading to early marriages and cultural indifference. There is also a noted mistrust towards media organizations due to exploitation concerns. In conclusion, the study highlights the complex relationship between media interaction and self identification within the Aeta Ambala community, suggesting that while media engagement alters perceptions and behaviors, the core Aeta Ambala culture remains strong and resilient. (shrink)

Children continue to be overlooked as a topic of concern in discussions around the ethical use of people’s data and information. Where children are the subject of such discussions, the focus is often primarily on privacy concerns and consent relating to the use of their data. This paper highlights the unique challenges children face when it comes to online interferences with their decision-making, primarily due to their vulnerability, impressionability, the increased likelihood of disclosing personal information online, and their (...) developmental capacities. These traits allow for practices such as hypernudging to be executed on them more accurately and with more serious consequences, specifically by potentially undermining their autonomy. We argue that children are autonomous agents in the making and thus require additional special protections to ensure that the development of their autonomy is safeguarded. This means that measures should be taken to prohibit most forms of hypernudging children and thus ensure that they are protected from this powerful technique of digital manipulation. (shrink)

2020 is the year of the first pandemic lived through the Internet. More than half of the world population is now online and because of self-isolation, our moral and social lives unfold almost exclusively online. Two pressing questions arise in this context: how much can we rely on the Internet, as a set of technologies, and how much should we trust online platforms and applications? In order to answer these two questions, I develop an argument based on two fundamental assumptions: (...) the development stage of today’s Internet is a contingent and not a necessary one and technologies are never neutral. My argument is that today’s pandemic produced an acceleration of the change which started almost 30 years ago, one of online migration, datafication and algorithmization of day to day life, a change in which digital technologies take on the classic role of institutions, both formal and informal. My thesis is a descriptive one, although it has some normative implications: this take over is not just a translation, but a modification or mutation which demands a creative collective answer, although users don’t have direct power over it. When they play the role of institutions, these technologies are surrogates or simulacra. I offer the paradigmatic case of online education, an experiment we were forced into because of the pandemic, in order to show that the institutional matrix of education cannot be reproduced online, due to the limitations of the medium and of the applications, especially those concerning physical presence. In the end I will critically address the question of the role played by Artificial Intelligence in the pandemic, and then I will show that the open source ethics was more useful in approaching scientifically and technologically the problems generated by the epidemic. (shrink)

The need to act in networks and to function in a society where we relate in complex fashions has fostered the use of data in accordance with distributed models. In a big data context, the individual is often overcome with the sentiment that one’s life does not matter, nor does it make a difference. What are sought are trends, and since there is no detached observer, those change things as much as they measure them. Where can we find a vantage (...) point, a ‘topsight’ necessary before the conception of any program? One could seek it in the direction of a collective figure, somewhat like the Leviathan of Hobbes, made up in its gigantism of smaller figures. Those that have been schooled in the classical tradition, or philosophia perennis, might think that we are abandoning solid realism, which seeks a conformation of statements, propositions, and language to what there is. They might criticize the reign of opinion. But what we entered into is not, upon closer inspection, some overarching paradigm of truth as success. It is rather a rationality of the likely, and it requires assessing the truths that can seem distributed between alternating or competing positions. But then, to seek decisions despite this, is to erase from our world this ‘esprit de finesse’ which Pascal deemed necessary to balance the illusions of a procedural mathematical rationality claiming that its end-products are simply in correspondence with reality. When we gather information, we frame it within an ontology for classification purposes, but this does not import with itself the immanence of this information as endogenous power to harmonise and give form. Feeling, as Whitehead construed it, seeks to take within it a receptivity to the world in order to turn it into an internalised representation. For this, it needs to be possible for a part of the world to reflect in itself the whole. Yet, this reflection is not a totalisation in an immaterial data range, it is rather a grounding in the mystery of the flesh, which is found here as a signpost on the way, if we are to heal dreams of complete mastery. (shrink)

Our society is undergoing digital change. Dealing with digital technologies has become a daily practice. Many healthcare facilities are implementing digital technologies. Nurses are placed in a strategic position to be the leader of the digital healthcare workforce. Nursing students are more exposed to this technological advancement as they are future professional nurses. This study aimed to examine how information-processing and exchanging skills in digital spaces affect digital problem-solving skills among nursing students. The Bayesian mindsponge framework (BMF) was used (...) as a conceptual framework. This quantitative study utilized a cross-sectional design. The population was all nursing students in two private nursing institutions located in Bangkok, Thailand (n=476) and Surabaya, Indonesia (n=179). Samples were the total population. Self-developed instrument was used in data collection. Data analysis used BMF analytics. The majority were females aged 20-22 years old who use smartphones and tablets daily. The information-processing and information-exchanging skills in digital spaces were positively associated with digital problem-solving skills among nursing students (MInformationProcess=0.30 and SDInformationProcess=0.05; MInformationExchange=0.37, and SDInformationExchange=0.05). More efforts are needed to improve nursing students’ problem-solving skills by using digital content, for instance, by modifying the information-processing and information-exchanging skills in digital spaces. Collaborative learning methods should be promoted in order to support the creation of conducive environment for supporting knowledge or information-exchanging behavior among nursing students by using digital technology. (shrink)

ABSTRACT The individual-community relationship has always been one of the most fundamental topics of social sciences. In sociology, this is known as the micro-macro relationship while in economics it refers to the processes, through which, individual actions lead to macroeconomic phenomena. Based on philosophical discourse and systems theory, many sociologists even use the term "emergence" in their understanding of micro-macro relationship, which refers to collective phenomena that are created by the cooperation of individuals, but cannot be reduced to individual actions. (...) "Emergence" theories attempt to explain the nature of society as a complex system by examining how individuals and their relationships lead to the creation of integrated and macro-social phenomena such as markets, educational systems, cultural beliefs, and shared social practices. As a prelude to activity, every researcher has to answer the question from the methodological point of view, how is it possible to study the behavior of social groups and how can we gain knowledge about the laws related to social groups? Anyone who deals with humanities and social sciences or any reality and phenomenon that affects human beings, inevitably deals with the reality that is emerging. In fact, emergence occurs when one level of reality emerges radically from another level. Examples of emergent levels of reality include how the mind emerges from the body; or the way society emerges from human beings. Therefore, when there is an emerging factor, different scientific disciplines should be used, because it is inevitable to talk about social affairs, psychology and neurobiology, as well as physical and even chemical. -/- INTRODUCTION Since its beginning in the 19th century, sociology has faced the fundamental question of what a social phenomena stands for? At a glance, sociologists deal with the study of social groups, collective behavior, institutions, social structures, social networks, and social dynamics, and ultimately all such phenomena are composed of individuals. Therefore, social phenomena seem to have no independent ontological status, and in this case, sociology is ultimately about reducible individuals. Different approaches about the micro-macro relationship, using the concept of "emergence", argue that although collective phenomena are created by individuals, they cannot be reduced to individual action. The term "emergence" is used to distinguish "emergent results" from " Procedural results". Results are called Procedural that can only be calculated by adding or subtracting the causes that act together. On the contrary, they are emergent outcomes that are qualitatively novel compared to the causes from which they originate. An example of such emergent results is mental characteristics that emerge from neural processes, but are not considered among the characteristics of neural processes of components - which are their origin. Philosophical debates about emergentism and reductionism focus on the mind-brain relationship, but as many philosophers have noted, they can be generalized to apply to any hierarchical set of features. The cognitive revolution reactivated a 19th century controversy between theorists of Identity and dualism. The theorists of Identity believe in reductionist materialism and elimination of metaphysics, according to which the mind is nothing more than the biological, while the dualists believe that the mind and the brain are distinct from each other. Emergence has been considered as a third way between the theories of Identity and dualism. -/- METHODOLOGY Interdisciplinarity Is fundamentally indicated by the dominance of open systems as well as social and emerging systems at different levels. Therefore, as long as we are facing a new emergentism, there will necessarily be different fields and an interdisciplinary method. The commonality of social sciences and cognitive sciences on the issue of emergence provides the possibility of interaction and exchange of concepts between these two for deeper research. Therefore, in this research, apart from the concepts of Subvenience and downward causation, we have used multiple realization and wildly disjunctive, which are used to explain the emerging concept in cognitive sciences, including neurobiology, psychology, and philosophy. For analytical and interdisciplinary approaches, after examining the concepts of subvenience, and wildly disjunctive, Individualistic and collectivist emergentism have been reviewed. And then their adequacy is criticized and evaluated in meeting strong emergence conditions. -/- FINDINGS Philosophers of the mind have been able to define the conditions of irreducibility and downward causation, which are essential for strong emergence, by using the principle of subvenience with the help of multiple realization and wildly disjunctive principles. Therefore, by definition, emergentist individualism suffers from the problem of how to explain downward causality and irreducibility, and emergentist collectivism faces the challenge of reification. The analysis of the challenges facing the two methodological approaches of individualism and collectivism leads us to three unresolved issues about the emerging phenomenon, which are realism, downward causality, and mechanism. Despite the differences in the stances of these two approaches regarding the aforementioned triple problems, individualists and collectivists both agree that some social characteristics are reducible; and some others are irreducible due to their complexity, the determination of which, depends on the case study of the mechanism of emergence of each social characteristic. -/- CONCLUSION An emergence that is consistent with reductionism is called a weak emergence. And strong emergence includes the principle of irreducibility and downward causality. According to strong emergence, the characteristics of social phenomena have downward causal power, which cannot be reduced to the causal forces. The principle of subvenience, together with multiple realization and wildly disjunctive, can provide the conditions of irreducibility and downward causality, which are essential conditions of strong emergence. Based on the philosophical analysis of two methodological approaches, individualist and collectivist, it can be concluded that emergentist individualism suffers from the problem of how to explain downward causality and irreducibility, and reification collectivism faces the challenge of reification. The analysis of the problems faced by these two approaches leads us to three unresolved issues, which are realism, downward causality, and mechanism. individualist emergentists acknowledge the existence of emergent social characteristics, but despite this, they believe that these characteristics are not real but merely analytical constructs that require explanation based on individuals and their mutual actions. But collectivists argue that emergentism yields a categorical ontology and supports social realism. They accept the dependence of social characteristics on individuals, but claim that social entities and structures are ontologically independent. Individualists and collectivists both agree that some social characteristics are reducible; and others are irreducible due to their complexity; and the only way to recognize this is to engage in empirical studies of the mechanisms and temporal processes of "emergence" that create social characteristics. -/- NOVELTY The newness of this compact article is as follows: a) Presenting an interdisciplinary approach using the analysis of philosophy of cognitive sciences, including the philosophy of mind, neurobiology and psychology to formulate the issue of social emergence; b) Criticizing individualist and collectivist methodological approaches to the issue of social emergence and explaining the sufficiency and shortcomings of both in providing weak and strong emerging conditions; c) Explaining and categorizing the challenges facing methodological approaches in explaining the phenomenon of social emergence, in three categories: realism, downward causality, and mechanism. BIBLIOGRAPHY Beckermann, A., Flohr, H., & Kim, J. (eds.) (1992). Emergence or reduction? Essays on the prospects of nonreductive physicalism. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Bhaskar, R. (1979). The possibility of Naturalism. New York: Routledge. Bhaskar, R., Danermark, B. & Price, L. (2018). Interdisciplinarity and wellbeing: A critical realist general theory of interdisciplinarity. London and New York: Routledge. Blau, P.M. (1981). Introduction: diverse views of social structure and their common denominator. In Blau, P.M. & Merton, R.K. (eds.), Continuity in Structural Inquiry (pp. 1–23). Beverly Hills: Sage. Blau, P.M. (1987). Microprocess and macrostructure. In K.S. Cook (ed.), Social Exchange Theory (pp. 83–100). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Brooks, R.A., & Maes, P. (eds). (1994). Artificial life IV; proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. Clark, A. (1997). Being there: Putting brain, body, and world together again. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Coleman, J. S. (1987). Microfoundations and macrosocial behavior. In: J. C. Alexander, B. Giesen, R. Munch, & Neil J. Smelser (Eds.). The Micro-Macro Link (pp. 153–73). Berkeley: University of California. Coleman, J. S. (1990). Foundations of social theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Elster, J. (1985). Making sense of Marx. New York: Cambridge University Press. Fodor, J.A. (1974). Special sciences (Or: The disunity of science as a working hypothesis). Synthese, 28(2), 97–115. Fodor, J.A. (1989). Making mind matter more. Philosophical Topics, 17, 59-79. Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press. Hempel, C.G. (1965). Aspects of scientific explanation and other essays in the philosophy of science. New York: The Free Press. Horgan, T. (1993). From supervenience to superdupervenience: meeting the demands of a material world. Mind, 102, 555-586. Humphreys, P. (1997). How properties emerge”. Philosophy of Science, 64, 1-17. Kim, J. (1999). Making sense of emergence. Philosophical Studies, 95, 3–36. Kincaid, H. (1997). Individualism and the unity of science. New York: Rowman & Littlefield. Lewis, D.K. (1986). The plurality of worlds. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nigel, G., & Conte, R. (eds.) (1995). Artificial societies; The computer simulation of social life. London: UCL Press. O’Connor, T. (1994). Emergent properties. American Philosophical Quarterly, 31, 91-104. Popper, K.R. (1968). Conjectures and refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge. New York: Harper & Row. Sawyer, R. K. (2001). Emergence in sociology: contemporary philosophy of mind and some implications for sociological theory. American Journal of Sociology, 107, 551-585. Sawyer, R. K. (2004). The mechanisms of emergence. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 34, 260–282. Sawyer, R. K. (2005). Social emergence: societies as complex systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sawyer, R.K. (2003). Nonreductive individualism: Part 2, Social causation. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 33, 203–224. Winch, P. (1993). The idea of a social science and its relation to philosophy‭ (SAMT, Trans.). Tehran, Iran: SAMT. (shrink)

A crucial socio-political challenge for our age is how to rede!ne or extend group membership in such a way that it adequately responds to phenomena related to globalization like the prevalence of migration, the transformation of family and social networks, and changes in the position of the nation state. Two centuries ago Immanuel Kant assumed that international connectedness between humans would inevitably lead to the realization of world citizen rights. Nonetheless, globalization does not just foster cosmopolitanism but simultaneously yields the (...) development of new group boundaries. Group membership is indeed a fundamental issue in political processes, for: “the primary good that we distribute to one another is membership in some human community” – it is within the political community that power is being shared and, if possible, held back from non-members. In sum, it is appropriate to consider group membership a fundamental ingredient of politics and political theory. How group boundaries are drawn is then of only secondary importance. Indeed, Schmitt famously declared that “[e]very religious, moral, economic, ethical, or other antithesis transforms into a political one if it is suffciently strong to group human beings e#ectively according to friend and enemy”. Even though Schmitt’s idea of politics as being constituted by such antithetical groupings is debatable, it is plausible to consider politics among other things as a way of handling intergroup di#erences. Obviously, some of the group-constituting factors are more easily discernable from one’s appearance than others, like race, ethnicity, or gender. As a result, factors like skin color or sexual orientation sometimes carry much political weight even though individuals would rather con!ne these to their private lives and individual identity. Given the potential tension between the political reality of particular groupmembership defnitions and the – individual and political – struggles against those definitions and corresponding attitudes, citizenship and civic behavior becomes a complex issue. As Kymlicka points out, it implies for citizens an additional obligation to non-discrimination regarding those groups: “[t]his extension of non-discrimination from government to civil society is not just a shift in the scale of liberal norms, it also involves a radical extension in the obligations of liberal citizenship”. Unfortunately, empirical research suggests that political intolerance towards other groups “may be the more natural and ‘easy’ position to hold”. Indeed, since development of a virtue of civility or decency regarding other groups is not easy, as it often runs against deeply engrained stereotypes and prejudices, political care for matters like education is justified. Separate schools, for example, may erode children’s motivation to act as citizens, erode their capacity for it and!nally diminish their opportunities to experience transcending their particular group membership and behave as decent citizens. This chapter outlines a possible explanation for such consequences. That explanation will be found to be interdisciplinary in nature, combining insights from political theory and cognitive neuroscience. In doing so, it does not focus on collective action, even though that is a usual focus for political studies. For example, results pertaining to collective political action have demonstrated that the relation between attitudes and overt voting behavior or political participation is not as direct and strong as was hoped for. Several conditions, including the individual’s experiences, self-interest, and relevant social norms, turned out to interfere in the link between his or her attitude and behavior. Important as collective action is, this chapter is concerned with direct interaction between agents and the in$uence of group membership on such interaction – in particular joint action. Although politics does include many forms of action that require no such physical interaction, such physical interaction between individuals remains fundamental to politics – this is the reason why separate schooling may eventually undermine the citizenship of its isolated pupils. This chapter will focus on joint action, de!ned as: “any form of social interaction whereby two or more individuals coordinate their actions in space and time to bring about a change in the environment”. Cognitive neuroscienti!c evidence demonstrates that for such joint action to succeed, the agents have to integrate the actions and expected actions of the other person in their own action plans at several levels of speci!city. Although neuroscienti!c research is necessarily limited to simple forms of action, this concurs with a philosophical analysis of joint action, which I will discuss below. (shrink)

In order to understand the transmission of a disease across a population we will have to understand not only the dynamics of contact infection but the transfer of health-care beliefs and resulting health-care behaviors across that population. This paper is a first step in that direction, focusing on the contrasting role of linkage or isolation between sub-networks in (a) contact infection and (b) belief transfer. Using both analytical tools and agent-based simulations we show that it is the structure of a (...) network that is primary for predicting contact infection—whether the networks or sub-networks at issue are distributed ring networks or total networks (hubs, wheels, small world, random, or scale-free for example). Measured in terms of time to total infection, degree of linkage between sub-networks plays a minor role. The case of belief is importantly different. Using a simplified model of belief reinforcement, and measuring belief transfer in terms of time to community consensus, we show that degree of linkage between sub-networks plays a major role in social communication of beliefs. Here, in contrast to the case of contract infection, network type turns out to be of relatively minor importance. What you believe travels differently. In a final section we show that the pattern of belief transfer exhibits a classic power law regardless of the type of network involved. (shrink)

It is commonplace to observe that digital technologies facilitate our access to information on a scale unimaginable in previous eras, leading many to call this the “Information Age.” The vaunted advantages of unprecedented data flow obscure a dark corollary: the more modes of engaging with data are available to a people, the more modes are available for manipulating them. Whether through social media, blogs, email, newspaper headlines, or doctored images and videos, the public is indeed bombarded by (...) class='Hi'>information, and much of it is misleading or outright false. Much of it, in fact, is propaganda. As the methods for manipulating mass audiences continue to multiply, a clear understanding of the concept of propaganda has never been more relevant. -/- This Article constructs a precise, novel account of propaganda, incorporating notable scholarly insights into the concept as well as the overlooked lessons of the law’s fragmented efforts to regulate it. To bring this new theoretical framework into focus and demonstrate its importance in the Information Age, the Article connects the underlying theory to contemporary communications practices, many of which are enhanced by the availability of new technology. Notably, in doing so, the Article also develops the first systematic account of political gaslighting, which properly understood (and counterintuitively, perhaps) constitutes a form of propaganda. (shrink)

Due to the rising pressure from population growth and environmental crises induced by anthropogenic food production activities, the production and consumption of insects have been promoted internationally. The current paper discusses the nutritional and environmental benefits of insect consumption and the socio-cultural and psychological factors that constrain such a habit on an international scale. Then, some historical and cultural information regarding insect consumption in Vietnam is provided to highlight the potential of insect consumption standardization. Unlike those in Western societies, (...) where people exhibit significant psychological resistance to the idea of consuming insects as food, Vietnam has a longstanding tradition of entomophagy, resulting in far less resistance to this practice. Insects have not only been consumed widely in recent times, but they also have a historical root thanks to the early contribution of Nguyen Cong Tieu, a leading Vietnamese agriculture scientist since the French domination period (1884-1945). Nevertheless, insects are commonly viewed as street food or regional specialties but not dietary food, and the perception that insects are “poor man’s diet” persists, which can hinder the standardization of insect consumption within Vietnamese society. To capitalize on the nutritional sources from insects, we suggest that insect-eating should be embraced as an expression of progressive culture for environmental sustainability, and more interdisciplinary research in emerging countries, like Vietnam, could be conducted for the sake of good. (shrink)

Migration has, in recent years, been one of the most current topics both in Croatia and worldwide. We have witnessed increased emigration (i.e. out-migration) of Croatian citizens, as well as attempts to cross the Croatian state border by citizens of other countries. This book focuses on migration in the context of the so-called migrant and refugee crisis, which is considered from a philosophical and sociological perspective. Any gender-specific terms, irrespective of the gender in which they are used here, refer equally (...) to both men and women. The book came into being as part of a study conducted by the authors in 2019 among students at the University of Split. This was one of the activities carried out within the project entitled Creating welcoming communities, which was coordinated by the Association "MI" – Split, with the support of the UNHCR’s (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) Representation in Croatia. The main objective of the project was to improve the conditions for better integration of asylum seekers at the local and regional level, with a special emphasis on local stakeholders and the community. The objective and activities of the project reflect and anticipate relocation policies and work towards analysing, valorising, and developing recommendations for the preparation of the local community and self-government to provide support. In this regard, we can say that the aim of the project is a contribution of sorts to creating a welcoming atmosphere and better conditions for integration through cooperation with institutions, and especially with the academic community. The project activities were intended to include relevant scientific findings that would enable the interested public to gain a more systematic understanding of the current social situation as well as to promote the idea of the possibilities of achieving a higher integration standard. In the complex social circumstances of today, which require understanding and adaptation, in addition to adequate access to accurate information, it is also crucial to ensure and facilitate the forming of inter-sectoral networks that would respond more readily to existing challenges. This primarily requires knowledge exchange, but also cooperation between different stakeholders such as public institutions, local and state government, civil society organisations, the academic community, media, etc. All these stakeholders play an equally important role in establishing a support network for a multitude of beneficiaries within the integration process. The establishment of a support network for the reception and integration of asylum seekers depends on the support of the local population in the broadest sense. One of the aims of the study was to analyse the relationship between the respondents’ identity features and their attitudes on accepting immigrants and refugees. The structure of the survey is based on the following objectives within which we sought to identify: 1) students’ attitudes on immigration, immigrants, and refugees, 2) the perceived sociodemographic profiles of immigrants and refugees, 3) the eventual presence of social distance towards immigrants and refugees. For the sake of clarity and better presentation, the second and third research objectives are analytically separated from the first one, although, in fact, a connection exists between them. How students perceive migration, immigrants, and refugees plays a role in shaping their attitudes towards them, as well as in potential behaviours reflected in the degree of social distance. From the sociological perspective, identity is seen as the way we perceive ourselves and others, as well as the way we are perceived by others. It involves sameness, similarity and difference concerning various groups of individuals (Abercrombie, Hill & Turner, 2006:190). Identity is associated with the meanings individuals and groups attach to their social reality, resulting in different forms of action. As such, it becomes one of the central political, scientific, and social topics in general. The book is structured in six chapters. Following the introduction, the first chapter presents the theoretical framework on which the conducted research is based. It goes on to elaborate on the concepts significant for a better understanding of the covered topic, in particular the concept of identity, the differences between the concepts of immigrant and refugee, as well as the frameworks of philosophical reflection on migration (the philosophy of politics and ethics). As confirmed both by our study and by numerous others, the discussion on the topic of identity represents an important element in understanding modern migrations. The third and fourth chapters lay out the research methodology, followed by the results and their interpretation. Chapter 5 provides conclusions and recommendations for further research and the establishment of a support network for the reception and integration of asylum seekers. The final chapter includes references to the literature used. (shrink)

This Thesis engages with contemporary philosophical controversies about the nature of dispositional properties or powers and the relationship they have to their non-dispositional counterparts. The focus concerns fundamentality. In particular, I seek to answer the question, ‘What fundamental properties suffice to account for the manifest world?’ The answer I defend is that fundamental categorical properties need not be invoked in order to derive a viable explanation for the manifest world. My stance is a field-theoretic view which describes the world as (...) a single system comprised of pure power, and involves the further contention that ‘pure power’ should not be interpreted as ‘purely dispositional’, if dispositionality means potentiality, possibility or otherwise unmanifested power or ability bestowed upon some bearer. The theoretical positions examined include David Armstrong’s Categoricalism, Sydney Shoemaker’s Causal Theory of Properties, Brian Ellis’s New Essentialism, Ullin Place’s Conceptualism, Charles Martin’s and John Heil’s Identity Theory of Properties and Rom Harré’s Theory of Causal Powers. The central concern of this Thesis is to examine reasons for holding a pure-power theory, and to defend such a stance. This involves two tasks. The first requires explaining what plays the substance role in a pure-power world. This Thesis argues that fundamental power, although not categorical, can be considered ontologically-robust and thus able to fulfil the substance role. A second task—answering the challenge put forward by Richard Swinburne and thereafter replicated in various neo-Swinburne arguments—concerns how the manifestly qualitative world can be explained starting from a pure-power base. The Light-like Network Account is put forward in an attempt to show how the manifest world can be derived from fundamental pure power. (shrink)

Since 2016, when the Facebook/Cambridge Analytica scandal began to emerge, public concern has grown around the threat of “online manipulation”. While these worries are familiar to privacy researchers, this paper aims to make them more salient to policymakers — first, by defining “online manipulation”, thus enabling identification of manipulative practices; and second, by drawing attention to the specific harms online manipulation threatens. We argue that online manipulation is the use of information technology to covertly influence another person’s decision-making, by (...) targeting and exploiting their decision-making vulnerabilities. Engaging in such practices can harm individuals by diminishing their economic interests, but its deeper, more insidious harm is its challenge to individual autonomy. We explore this autonomy harm, emphasising its implications for both individuals and society, and we briefly outline some strategies for combating online manipulation and strengthening autonomy in an increasingly digital world. (shrink)

The first thing we must keep in mind is that when saying that China says this or China does that, we are not speaking of the Chinese people, but of the Sociopaths who control the CCP -- Chinese Communist Party, i.e., the Seven Senile Sociopathic Serial Killers (SSSSK) of the Standing Committee of the CCP or the 25 members of the Politburo etc.. -/- The CCP’s plans for WW3 and total domination are laid out quite clearly in Chinese govt publications (...) and speeches and this is Xi Jinping’s “China Dream”. It is a dream only for the tiny minority (perhaps a few dozen to a few hundred) who rule China and a nightmare for everyone else (including 1.4 billion Chinese). The 10 billion dollars yearly enables them or their puppets to own or control newspapers, magazines, TV and radio channels and place fake news in most major media everywhere every day. In addition, they have an army (maybe millions of people) who troll all the media placing more propaganda and drowning out legitimate commentary (the 50 cent army). -/- In addition to stripping the 3rd world of resources, a major thrust of the multi-trillion dollar Belt and Road Initiative is building military bases worldwide. They are forcing the free world into a massive high-tech arms race that makes the cold war with the Soviet Union look like a picnic. -/- Though the SSSSK, and the rest of the world’s military, are spending huge sums on advanced hardware, it is highly likely that WW3 (or the smaller engagements leading up to it) will be software dominated. It is not out of the question that the SSSSK, with probably more hackers (coders) working for them then all the rest of the world combined, will win future wars with minimal physical conflict, just by paralyzing their enemies via the net. No satellites, no phones, no communications, no financial transactions, no power grid, no internet, no advanced weapons, no vehicles, trains, ships or planes. -/- There are only two main paths to removing the CCP, freeing 1.4 billion Chinese prisoners, and ending the lunatic march to WW3. The peaceful one is to launch an all-out trade war to devastate the Chinese economy until the military gets fed up and boots out the CCP. -/- An alternative to shutting down China’s economy is a limited war, such as a targeted strike by say 50 thermobaric drones on the 20th Congress of the CCP, when all the top members are in one place, but that won’t take place until 2022 so one could hit the annual plenary meeting. The Chinese would be informed, as the attack happened, that they must lay down their arms and prepare to hold a democratic election or be nuked into the stone age. The other alternative is an all-out nuclear attack. Military confrontation is unavoidable given the CCP’s present course. It will likely happen over the islands in the South China Sea or Taiwan within a few decades, but as they establish military bases worldwide it could happen anywhere (see Crouching Tiger etc.). Future conflicts will have hardkill and softkill aspects with the stated objectives of the CCP to emphasize cyberwar by hacking and paralyzing control systems of all military and industrial communications, equipment, power plants, satellites, internet, banks, and any device or vehicle connected to the net. The SS are slowly fielding a worldwide array of manned and autonomous surface and underwater subs or drones capable of launching conventional or nuclear weapons that may lie dormant awaiting a signal from China or even looking for the signature of US ships or planes. While destroying our satellites, thus eliminating communication between the USA and our forces worldwide, they will use theirs, in conjunction with drones to target and destroy our currently superior naval forces. Of course, all of this is increasingly done automatically by AI. -/- By far the biggest ally of the CCP is the Democratic party of the USA. The choice is to stop the CCP now or watch as they extend the Chinese prison over the whole world. -/- Of course, universal surveillance and digitizing of our lives is inevitable everywhere. Anyone who does not think so is profoundly out of touch. -/- Of course it is the optomists who expect the Chinese sociopaths to rule the world while the pessimists (who view themselves as realists) expect AI sociopathy (or AS as I call it – i.e., Artificial Stupidity or Artificial Sociopathy) to take over, perhaps by 2030 Those interested in further details on the lunatic path of modern society may consult my other works such as Suicide by Democracy-an Obituary for America and the World 3rd Edition 2019 and Suicidal Utopian Delusions in the 21st Century: Philosophy, Human Nature and the Collapse of Civilization 5th ed (2019) -/- . (shrink)

The first thing we must keep in mind is that when saying that China says this or China does that, we are not speaking of the Chinese people, but of the Sociopaths who control the CCP -- Chinese Communist Party, i.e., the Seven Senile Sociopathic Serial Killers (SSSSK) of the Standing Committee of the CCP or the 25 members of the Politburo etc.. -/- The CCP’s plans for WW3 and total domination are laid out quite clearly in Chinese govt publications (...) and speeches and this is Xi Jinping’s “China Dream”. It is a dream only for the tiny minority (perhaps a few dozen to a few hundred) who rule China and a nightmare for everyone else (including 1.4 billion Chinese). The 10 billion dollars yearly enables them or their puppets to own or control newspapers, magazines, TV and radio channels and place fake news in most major media everywhere every day. In addition, they have an army (maybe millions of people) who troll all the media placing more propaganda and drowning out legitimate commentary (the 50 cent army). -/- In addition to stripping the 3rd world of resources, a major thrust of the multi-trillion dollar Belt and Road Initiative is building military bases worldwide. They are forcing the free world into a massive high-tech arms race that makes the cold war with the Soviet Union look like a picnic. -/- Though the SSSSK, and the rest of the world’s military, are spending huge sums on advanced hardware, it is highly likely that WW3 (or the smaller engagements leading up to it) will be software dominated. It is not out of the question that the SSSSK, with probably more hackers (coders) working for them then all the rest of the world combined, will win future wars with minimal physical conflict, just by paralyzing their enemies via the net. No satellites, no phones, no communications, no financial transactions, no power grid, no internet, no advanced weapons, no vehicles, trains, ships or planes. -/- There are only two main paths to removing the CCP, freeing 1.4 billion Chinese prisoners, and ending the lunatic march to WW3. The peaceful one is to launch an all-out trade war to devastate the Chinese economy until the military gets fed up and boots out the CCP. -/- An alternative to shutting down China’s economy is a limited war, such as a targeted strike by say 50 thermobaric drones on the 20th Congress of the CCP, when all the top members are in one place, but that won’t take place until 2022 so one could hit the annual plenary meeting. The Chinese would be informed, as the attack happened, that they must lay down their arms and prepare to hold a democratic election or be nuked into the stone age. The other alternative is an all-out nuclear attack. Military confrontation is unavoidable given the CCP’s present course. It will likely happen over the islands in the South China Sea or Taiwan within a few decades, but as they establish military bases worldwide it could happen anywhere (see Crouching Tiger etc.). Future conflicts will have hardkill and softkill aspects with the stated objectives of the CCP to emphasize cyberwar by hacking and paralyzing control systems of all military and industrial communications, equipment, power plants, satellites, internet, banks, and any device or vehicle connected to the net. The SS are slowly fielding a worldwide array of manned and autonomous surface and underwater subs or drones capable of launching conventional or nuclear weapons that may lie dormant awaiting a signal from China or even looking for the signature of US ships or planes. While destroying our satellites, thus eliminating communication between the USA and our forces worldwide, they will use theirs, in conjunction with drones to target and destroy our currently superior naval forces. Of course, all of this is increasingly done automatically by AI. -/- By far the biggest ally of the CCP is the Democratic party of the USA. The choice is to stop the CCP now or watch as they extend the Chinese prison over the whole world. -/- Of course, universal surveillance and digitizing of our lives is inevitable everywhere. Anyone who does not think so is profoundly out of touch. -/- Of course it is the optomists who expect the Chinese sociopaths to rule the world while the pessimists (who view themselves as realists) expect AI sociopathy (or AS as I call it – i.e., Artificial Stupidity or Artificial Sociopathy) to take over, perhaps by 2030 Those interested in further details on the lunatic path of modern society may consult my other works such as Suicide by Democracy-an Obituary for America and the World 3rd Edition 2019 and Suicidal Utopian Delusions in the 21st Century: Philosophy, Human Nature and the Collapse of Civilization 5th ed (2019) -/- . (shrink)

Background: In the first few months of 2020, information and news reports about the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were rapidly published and shared on social media and social networking sites. While the field of infodemiology has studied information patterns on the Web and in social media for at least 18 years, the COVID-19 pandemic has been referred to as the first social media infodemic. However, there is limited evidence about whether and how the social media infodemic has spread panic (...) and affected the mental health of social media users. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine how social media affects self-reported mental health and the spread of panic about COVID-19 in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Methods: To carry out this study, an online questionnaire was prepared and conducted in Iraqi Kurdistan, and a total of 516 social media users were sampled. This study deployed a content analysis method for data analysis. Correspondingly, data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Participants reported that social media has a significant impact on spreading fear and panic related to the COVID-19 outbreak in Iraqi Kurdistan, with a potential negative influence on people’s mental health and psychological well-being. Facebook was the most used social media network for spreading panic about the COVID-19 outbreak in Iraq. We found a significant positive statistical correlation between self-reported social media use and the spread of panic related to COVID-19 (R=.8701). Our results showed that the majority of youths aged 18-35 years are facing psychological anxiety. Conclusions: During lockdown, people are using social media platforms to gain information about COVID-19. The nature of the impact of social media panic among people varies depending on an individual's gender, age, and level of education. Social media has played a key role in spreading anxiety about the COVID-19 outbreak in Iraqi Kurdistan. (shrink)

Monografia apresentada à banca examinadora da Escola Municipal Manuel Teodoro de Arruda, anexa do Colégio Frei Cassiano de Comacchio em Belo Jardim, para a obtenção do título de concluinte do curso de Normal Médio, oferecido pela instituição. A natureza do trabalho, em suma, consiste em apresentar perspectivas de trans formação social para a comunidade de jovens e adultos, o principal programa cunho do trabalho é a Educação de Jovens e Adultos a EJA, e como esse programa intervém na sociabilidade e (...) na mudança do meio social do educando, além de tratar a educação como a principal fonte e meio de mudança de vida dessas pessoas que voltam às escolas. Orientador(a): professora Maria Angelita Pinheiro BELO JARDIM 2017 DEDICATÓRIA Dedicamos este trabalho primeiramente a todos que acreditaram em sua realização, em especial à professora de práticas pedagógicas e também orientadora, Maria Angelita Pinheiro, pelo incentivo e esforço à nossa preparação ao dia de hoje. Bem como, dedicamos este à Alana Thais da Silva, que em todo o desenvolvimento deste, esteve ao nosso lado. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradecemos primeiramente a Deus, que pôde nos proporcionar saúde e sabedoria para a conclusão deste. Agradecemos também à todos que acreditaram na realização deste trabalho, como fruto da realização de um sonho, que é tornarmos normalistas. A nossos colegas de classe que puderam nos proporcionar alegria para continuarmos. Agradecemos em especial mesmo, à Alana Thais da Silva e a Dawson de Barros Monteiro, ambos por oferecer amor e carinho quando o cansaço chegava, e também pela colaboração nas pesquisas que adentravam noites e dias. Enfim, agradecemos a todos que puderam plantar uma semente nesse nosso terreno, para que no futuro pudéssemos colher bons frutos nessa etapa decisiva em nossas vidas. À todos nosso muito obrigado. EPÍGRAFE “Educação não transforma o mundo. Educação muda as pessoas. Pessoas transformam o mundo.” Paulo Freire RESUMO Este trabalho teve por objetivo abordar a Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) como transformação social na vida daquelas pessoas que não tiveram a oportunidade de estudar ou, por motivo maior, tiveram que abandonar os estudos na idade própria. Muitos vão à procura dos estudos por motivo de conquistar um emprego melhor, outros por motivos de se sociabilizar melhor, e por vários outros motivos. Também é possível afirmar que o retorno para a escola na terceira idade é possível, e que para os jovens, os estudos abrirão as portas para o mundo do trabalho, mostrando que o indivíduo alfabetizado tem valor na sociedade, e que a escola, como um ambiente de aprendizagem, tem o poder de transformar o indivíduo e torná-lo um cidadão crítico, democrático e participativo. Palavras Chaves: Educação de Jovens e Adultos. Aprendizagem. Transformação Social. ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to approach the education of young people and adults (EJA) as a social transformation in the lives of people who did not have the opportunity to study or, for greater reason, had to drop out of school at their own age. Many go in search of their studies for the sake of gaining a better job, others for the sake of socializing better, and for many other reasons. It is also possible to state that the return to school in the third age is possible, and that for the youngest, studies will open the door to the world of work, showing that the literate individual has value in society and that the school as a learning environment, has the power to transform the individual and make him / her a critical, democratic and participatory citizen. Keywords: Education for Youth and Adults. Learning. Social transformation LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES FIGURA 1 – Gráfico sobre o percentual do Analfabetismo..............................................................27 FIGURA 2 – Gráfico sobre o Analfabetismo por região do Brasil....................................................28 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO.......................................................................................... ..................................... 10 CAPÍTULO 1 – CONTRIBUIÇÕES DA TRAJETÓRIA DA EDUCAÇÃO POPULAR NO BRASIL E PROCESSOS DE ALFABETIZAÇÃO........................................................................ 13 1.1 Históricos da Educação de Jovens e Adultos em seu Contexto Inicial............................ 13 1.1.1 Do Brasil Colônia ao Varguismo: Jesuítas, Pombal, Corte Imperial e Governo Vargas.............................................................................................. ................................. 13 1.2 A Educação de Jovens e Adultos Pós-Varguismo............................................................ 15 1.3 Acerca do Movimento Brasileiro de Alfabetização(Mobral)............................................ 15 1.3.1 Metodologia de Ensino no Mobral: Uma Abordagem Superficial.......................... 16 1.4 A Evolução da Educação de Jovens e Adultos: do Regime Militar ao seu Contexto Atual............................................................................................... .................................................. 17 CAPÍTULO 2 – REFLEXÕES ACERCA DA ALFABETIZAÇÃO............................................... 20 2.1 Análises Histórico-Antropológica Acerca da Escrita e a Alfabetização........................... 20 2.2 Alfabetização e Pragmatismo: Conceitos Acerca da Leitura e Escrita no Âmbito Educacional......................................................................................... ............................................. 21 2.3 O Analfabetismo como Antagonia ao Alfabetismo........................................................... 25 CAPÍTULO 3 – REFLEXÕES TEÓRICAS SOBRE A EDUCAÇÃO DE JOVENS E ADULTOS............................................................................................. .......................................... 29 3.1 Pensamentos de Paulo Freire Sobre a Educação Popular................................................. 29 3.2 Acerca do Método Freiriano........................................................................................... .. 31 3.2.1 Etapas do Método.............................................................................................. ...... 31 3.2.2 O Método.............................................................................................. ................... 31 3.2.3 As Fases de Aplicação do Método........................................................................... 32 3.2.4 História............................................................................................ ........................ 33 3.3 O Perfil do Professor Alfabetizador.................................................................................. 33 3.4 Perfil do Estudante da Educação de Jovens e Adultos e os Motivos de Evasão............... 35 3.5 Pensando em Métodos............................................................................................. ......... 37 CONCLUSÃO........................................................................................... ...................................... 41 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS...................................................................................... ...... 43 10 INTODUÇÃO Este trabalho tem por objetivo abordar a Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) como modelo, espelho ou meio de uma transformação social, na vida daquelas pessoas que não tiveram oportunidade de estudar, ou por motivos maiores, tiveram que abandonar os estudos na idade ideal, essa visão é explicada pelos motivos da evasão escolar. Foram pesquisados os motivos que levaram essas pessoas a desistirem de estudar e porque retornaram as salas de aula muito tempo depois, destacando principalmente como cunho primordial, os alunos das turmas da EJA (Educação de Jovens e Adultos), que, em suma, pode-se concluir que o principal motivo de evasão na idade adequada era as baixas condições que eram submetidos, e por isso, abandonavam a escola para trabalhar, por isso que a maioria dos estudantes da EJA, são trabalhadores e pessoas que já carregam e possuem uma experiência de vida. Educação de jovens e adultos (EJA) é uma modalidade da qual participam aqueles que não frequentaram a escola durante a infância ou na idade ideal. Os motivos apresentados pelos quais não conseguiram estudar são, na maioria das vezes, alheios a vontade de cada um, a exemplo foi-se citado: o fato de se ter que trabalhar para sobreviver, não ter acesso a escola no local onde mora e até mesmo a evasão escolar. Por isso é comum ainda haver escolas que alfabetizam jovens e adultos. Alfabetizar jovens e adultos é uma ocupação antiga que não se limita a uma tarefa meramente escolar, está intimamente ligada a sonhos, expectativas e a anseios de mudança. E com isso, a escolha do tema deste trabalho se deu com o convívio com jovens e adultos durante o estágio supervisionado na EJA. Geralmente, é depois da adolescência que o indivíduo reconhece que necessita do conhecimento escolar e passa a buscá-lo. Pois, é muito gratificante para uma pessoa leiga poder aprender a ler e a escrever, consciente da necessidade e importância de tal ato para sua vida, um mundo novo se abre, e o indivíduo é posto num contexto “como se fosse cega e de repente abrisse os olhos e enxergasse coisas que até então não via” . Alfabetizar tais pessoas é proporcionar para elas grandes mudanças, uma nova visão de mundo, a chance de ter uma vida melhor, pelo menos com mais oportunidades. Por isso remete-se, então, para além de uma alfabetização e sim de uma transformação social destes indivíduos. A EJA é um direito assegurado pela Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional (LDBEN)2, é assegurado gratuitamente aos que não tiveram acesso a escola na idade própria e segundo a LDBEN o poder público deverá estimular o acesso e permanência do jovem e do adulto na escola. Porém, esse estímulo é a cada dia deixado de lado, como afirma o professor doutor em filosofia e educação do Instituto Federal de Pernambuco campus Belo Jardim, Dawson de Barros Monteiro. “[...] as atuais políticas públicas educacionais, mostram um exemplo de problemas, pois aqui na perspectiva contemporânea, é deveras nítida a deficiência da incentivação pública a estes indivíduos.” (Monteiro 2016, PROEJA p. 185). Abordando acerca dos objetivos, destacamos a abordagem do surgimento da EJA ante o alto índice de pessoas analfabetas no Estado, que por inúmeros motivos tiveram que abandonar os estudos por um longo período de tempo, ou para muitos, que nunca sequer tinham ido à escola. É necessário também dar luz e enaltecer a primordialidade da socialização dos que ingressam em uma escola mesmo depois da idade certa; nessa linha de raciocínio é necessário abordar e enaltecer as concepções ideológicas da transformação social no espaço da EJA, bem como compreender a importância desta para a atual sociedade. Por fim, abordar, entender e compreender as questões antropológicas dos motivos de evasão escolar; enxergar a EJA e a transformação social como utopia do indivíduo que retorna ao espaço educacional. E com isso, vislumbrar que em toda a sociedade a questão do Analfabetismo é um problema público educacional e social. 12 1. CONTRIBUIÇÕES DA TRAJETÓRIA DA EDUCAÇÃO POPULAR NO BRASIL E PROCESSOS DE ALFABETIZAÇÃO A educação de Jovens e Adultos antecede até mesmo as datas documentadas: de forma indireta, adultos interessavam-se em aprender as primeiras letras do alfabeto, sendo considerado o alicerce para a aprendizagem, ou seja, codificar cada símbolo daquele para formular palavras; ou ao menos também, interessar-se à escrever o próprio nome. Este Capítulo abordará a trajetória da Educação de Jovens e Adultos EJA, no Brasil, e sua contribuição para a população brasileira e ao mesmo tempo os processos de alfabetização que são contribuições para que esta aconteça de maneira eficaz. 1.1 HISTÓRICOS DA EDUCAÇÃO DE JOVENS E ADULTOS EM SEU CONTEXTO INICIAL 1.1.1 DO BRASIL COLÔNIA AO VARGUISMO: JESUÍTAS, POMBAL, CORTE IMPERIAL E GOVERNO VARGAS Alfabetizar jovens e adultos não é um ato de ensino-aprendizagem, é a construção de uma perspectiva de mudança: no início, época da colonização do Brasil, as poucas escolas existentes era para o privilégio das classes média e a burguesia da colônia, nessas famílias os filhos possuíam acompanhamento escolar na infância; não havia a necessidade de uma alfabetização pra jovens e adultos, esse bloco etário não tinha acesso a uma instrução escolar e quando a recebiam era de forma indireta, de acordo com Ghiraldelli Jr. a educação brasileira teve seu início com o fim dos regimes das capitanias hereditárias, ele cita que: “[...] A educação escolar no período colonial, ou seja, a educação regular e mais ou menos institucional de tal época, teve três fases: a do predomínio dos jesuítas; a das reformas do Marquês de Pombal, principalmente a partir da expulsão dos jesuítas do Brasil e de Portugal em 1759; e a do período em que Dom João VI, então rei de Portugal, trouxe a corte para o Brasil (1808-1821)”. (Ghiraldelli Jr. 2008, p. 24). O ensino dos jesuítas tinha como fim não apenas a transmissão de conhecimento científico escolar, mas a propagação da fé cristã. A história da EJA no Brasil no período colonial deu-se de forma assistemática, nesta época não se constatou iniciativas governamentais significativas. Os métodos jesuíticos permaneceram até o período pombalino com a expulsão dos jesuítas, neste período, Pombal organizava as escolas de acordo com os interesses do Estado, com a chegada da coroa portuguesa na colônia, a educação perdeu o seu foco que já não era amplo. Após a proclamação da Independência do Brasil foi outorgada a primeira constituição brasileira, e no artigo 179 dela constava que a “instrução primária era gratuita para todos os cidadãos”; mesmo a instrução sendo gratuita não favorecia as classes pobres, pois estes não tinham acesso à escola, ou seja, a escola era para todos, porém inacessível a quase todos. No decorrer dos séculos houve várias reformas, Soares cita que: “[...] No Brasil, o discurso em favor da Educação popular é antigo: precedeu mesmo a proclamação da República. Já em 1882, Ruy Barbosa, baseado em exaustivo diagnóstico da realidade brasileira da época, denunciava a vergonhosa precariedade do ensino para o povo do Brasil e apresentava propostas de multiplicação de escolas e de melhoria qualitativa do ensino” (SOARES, 2002, p. 8). A constituição de 1934, no governo ditatorial de Getúlio Vargas não teve êxito, sendo assim criase uma nova constituição escrita por Francisco Campos. Para a constituição de 1937 que Ghiraldelli Jr. Cita que: “[...] A constituição de 1937, fez o Estado abrir mão da responsabilidade para com a educação publica, uma vez que ela afirmava que o Estado desempenharia um papel de subsidiário, e não central, em relação ao ensino”. O ordenamento democrático alcançado em 1934, quando a letra da lei determinou a educação como direito de todos, e obrigação dos poderes públicos, foi substituído por um texto que desobrigou o Estado de manter e expandir o ensino” (GHIRALDELLI Jr., 2008, p. 78). Nessa perspectiva, o Estado passou a não ter mais o papel de bancar os educadores para levar o conhecimento para toda a nação, num plano ideológico mundial, vemos que a educação é um princípio fundamental para o crescimento do país e deixar esta ferramenta de lado, acarreta num colapso conhecido como “grande taxa de Analfabetismo”. A constituição de 1937, foi criada no intuito de estabelecer o favorecimento do Estado pois o mesmo tira sua responsabilidade; “gera nesse contexto histórico-social uma população sem educação, ou a educação para poucos, uma sociedade frágil e suscetível a aceitar tudo que lhe é imposto pelo poder coercitivo” afirma o professor doutor em filosofia do Instituto Federal de Pernambuco campus Belo Jardim, Dawson de Barros Monteiro: logo se entende que esta constituição não tinha o interesse que o conhecimento crítico se propagasse, mas buscava favorecer o ensino profissionalizante, pois dentro do contexto histórico o Brasil precisava mais capacitar os jovens e adultos para o trabalho nas indústrias. 1.2 A EDUCAÇÃO DE JOVENS E ADULTOS PÓS-VARGUISMO Segundo Cunha (1999), o fim do Estado Novo trouxe ao país um processo de redemocratização e a necessidade de aumento da quantidade de eleitores. Nesse sentido, o primeiro projeto lançado pelo governo foi uma campanha que previa a alfabetização do educando em três meses, além da conclusão do curso primário num prazo bem menor que o convencional. A educação era considerada unilateral e tinha o professor como transmissor de conhecimento. O educador, que era voluntário ou mal remunerado, seria o único sujeito deste processo. A campanha extinta em 1963, não rendeu bons resultados, mas ajudou a ideia preconceituosa de que o adulto não precisaria mais aprender a ler e que já havia encontrado seu lugar no mundo. Esse desprezo pela classe trabalhadora, o proletariado, ainda persistiu na década de 1990, quando o então ministro da Educação do governo Collor de Mello, o professor, físico e político José Goldemberg, afirmou que a tentativa de alfabetização de adultos não diminuiria o índice de analfabetos; ao contrário, perturbaria a ordem social. Com os resultados insatisfatórios dessa campanha, surgiram críticas a esse projeto: seria necessária a qualificação dos professores e a adequação do programa, do material didático e dos métodos de ensino à clientela atendida. No final dos anos 1950, Paulo Freire propunha uma nova pedagogia, posteriormente trabalhada neste trabalho. Apesar de ser encarregado de desenvolver o Programa Nacional de Alfabetização de Adultos, com o golpe militar de 1964, Paulo Freire foi exilado e um programa assistencialista e conservador foi criado: o Movimento Brasileiro de Alfabetização (Mobral). 1.3 ACERCA DO MOVIMENTO BRASILEIRO DE ALFABETIZAÇÃO (Mobral) Na época do regime militar (1964-1985), surge um movimento de alfabetização de jovens e adultos, na tentativa de erradicar o analfabetismo, pelo menos é o que se tinha em teoria; chamado MOBRAL, esse método tinha como foco o ato de ler e escrever, essa metodologia assemelha-se a de Paulo Freire com codificações, cartazes com famílias silábicas, quadros, fichas e etc., porém, não utilizava o diálogo como ideologia educacional de Freire e não se preocupava com a formação crítica dos educandos. A principal ideologia objetiva do Mobral era apenas a alfabetização funcional que em seu conceito é o ensino alicerce da compreensão de textos simples, capacitando os educandos a decodificação mínima de letras para a interpretação de textos, sem a apropriação da leitura e da escrita de pessoas entre 15 e 30 anos. A respeito do Mobral Bello cita que: “[...] O projeto Mobral permite compreender bem esta fase ditatorial por que passou o Brasil. A proposta de educação era toda baseada em aos interesses políticos vigentes na época. Por ter de repassar o sentimento de bom comportamento para o povo e justificar os atos da ditadura, esta instituição estendeu seus braços a uma boa parte das populações carentes, através de seus diversos programas.” (BELLO, 1993, p. 56). 1.3.1 METODOLOGIA DE ENSINO NO MOBRAL: UMA ABORDAGEM SUPERFICIAL A metodologia utilizada pelo Programa de Alfabetização Funcional baseava-se em seis objetivos: 1. Desenvolver nos alunos as habilidades de leitura, escrita e contagem 2. Desenvolver um vocabulário que permita o enriquecimento de seus alunos; 3. Desenvolver o raciocínio, visando facilitar a resolução de seus problemas e os de sua comunidade; 4. Formar hábitos e atitudes positivas, em relação ao trabalho; 5. Desenvolver a criatividade, a fim de melhorar as condições de vida, aproveitando os recursos disponíveis; 6. Levar os alunos: • A conhecerem seus direitos e deveres e as melhores formas de participação comunitária; • A se empenharem na conservação da saúde e melhoria das condições de higiene pessoal, familiar e da comunidade; • A se certificarem da responsabilidade de cada um, na manutenção e melhoria dos serviços públicos de sua comunidade e na conservação dos bens e instituições; • A participarem do desenvolvimento da comunidade, tendo em vista o bem-estar das pessoas. Os técnicos do MOBRAL defendiam que o método utilizado baseava-se no aproveitamento das experiências significativas dos alunos. Desta forma, embora divergisse ideologicamente do método de Paulo Freire utilizava-se, semelhantemente a este, de palavras geradoras e de uma série de procedimentos para o processo de alfabetização: 1. Apresentação e exploração do cartaz gerador; 2. Estudo da palavra geradora, depreendida do cartaz; 3. Decomposição silábica da palavra geradora; 4. Estudo das famílias silábicas, com base nas palavras geradoras; 5. Formação e estudos de palavras novas; 6. Formação e estudos de frases e textos A principal e essencial diferença na utilização destes procedimentos em relação ao método Paulo Freire era o fato de no Mobral haver uma uniformização do material utilizado em todo o território nacional, não traduzindo assim a linguagem e as necessidades do povo de cada região, principal característica da metodologia freiriana. 1.4 A EVOLUÇÃO DA EDUCAÇÃO DE JOVENS E ADULTOS: DO REGIME MILITAR AO SEU CONTEXTO ATUAL Em 1974, foi implantado o CES (Centro de Estudos Supletivos), que dava a oportunidade de uma certificação rápida, mas superficial, com um ensino tecnicista e auto instrucional. Esse ensino supletivo foi implantado em acordo com a Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação, LDBE 5592/71. Nesta lei um capítulo foi dedicado especificamente a Educação de Jovens e Adultos. Em 1974 o MEC lança o CES. A década de 1980 foi marcada pelo desenvolvimento de projetos e pesquisas na área da alfabetização de adultos. Em 1985, o Mobral foi cessado, dando lugar a Fundação EDUCAR que apoiava tecnicamente e financeiramente as iniciativas de alfabetização existentes. Nos anos 80, difundiram-se várias pesquisas acerca da língua escrita que de certa forma refletiam na EJA. Com a promulgação da constituição de 1988 o Estado passou a ampliar o seu dever ante a Educação de Jovens e Adultos. De acordo com o artigo 208 da constituição brasileira de 1988: “O dever do Estado com a Educação será efetivado mediante a garantia de: I – ensino fundamental obrigatório e gratuito, assegurado inclusive sua oferta gratuita para todos os que a ele não tiveram acesso na idade própria.” A importância da Educação de Jovens e Adultos passou a ser reconhecida internacionalmente mediante as conferências organizadas pela UNESCO nos anos 1990. A partir de então, surgiu no Brasil uma mobilização nacional no sentido de diagnosticar metas e ações da EJA. A LDBE de 1996 garante igualdade de acesso e permanência na escola e ensino de qualidade, além da valorização experiência extraescolar. Ainda nos anos 1990, emergiram iniciativas em favor da EJA, onde o governo incumbiu também a municípios a engajarem-se nesta política, ocorrem parcerias com ONG’s, municípios, universidades, grupos informais, populares, fóruns estaduais e nacionais e através de fóruns a história da EJA passou a ser registrada no intitulado “Boletim da Ação Educativa”. O antigo ensino supletivo passou a se chamar Educação de Jovens e Adultos, e ganhou um sentido mais amplo: preparar e inserir ou reinserir o estudante no mercado de trabalho. Os objetivos da educação no país são revistos, cabendo agora à escola a responsabilidade de formar o adulto trabalhador. Recentemente, novas iniciativas como a EJA e o Proeja, têm surgido a fim de garantir metodologias adequadas a discentes com esse perfil. Em 2000, o Conselho Nacional de Educação estabeleceu, no parecer nº 11, (das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Educação de Jovens e Adultos), as funções e as bases legais da EJA fundamentadas na LDBE, nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais e nas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais O decreto nº 5478/05, institui o Programa Nacional de Integração da Educação Profissional à Educação Básica na Modalidade de Educação de Jovens e Adultos – Proeja, abrangendo a formação inicial e continuada de trabalhadores e a Educação Profissional Técnica de nível médio. Eventos onde são gerados debates e trocadas experiências, como os fóruns EJA, têm sido importantes e primordiais na estruturação da EJA e de seus objetivos. É notório que nesta fase da história da Educação brasileira, a EJA possui foco amplo. Para haver uma sociedade igualitária e uma Educação eficaz é necessário que todas as áreas da Educação sejam focadas e valorizadas, não é possível desvencilhar uma da outra. 2. REFLEXÕES ACERCA DA ALFABETIZAÇÃO A alfabetização é definida como o processo de aprendizagem onde se desenvolve a habilidade de ler e escrever de maneira adequada e a utilizar esta habilidade como um código de comunicação com o seu meio. É o processo onde os educadores procuram dar mais atenção durante o período de educação inicial escolar, através do desenvolvimento das atividades da alfabetização, que envolvem o aprendizado do alfabeto e dos números, a coordenação motora e a formação de palavras, sílabas e pequenas frases. Através destas tarefas, o indivíduo consegue adquirir a habilidade de leitura, de compreensão de textos e da linguagem de maneira geral, incluindo a operação de números, que são competências necessárias para avançar aos níveis escolares seguintes. A alfabetização consegue desenvolver também a capacidade de socialização do indivíduo, uma vez que possibilita novas trocas simbólicas com a sociedade, além de possibilitar o acesso a bens culturais e outras facilidades das instituições sociais. A incapacidade de adquirir a habilidade da leitura e da escrita é chamada de analfabetismo ou iliteracia. 2.1 ANÁLISE HISTÓRICO-ANTROPOLÓGICA ACERCA DA ESCRITA E A ALFABETIZAÇÃO A comunicação oral antecede a comunicação escrita. É oralmente que se expressam a maioria das pessoas desde os tempos mais remotos. A história nos mostra que até mesmo os povos humanos da pré-história utilizavam símbolos gráficos para fazer registros em cavernas, em grutas, em rochas e etc., ou seja, já havia a necessidade de expressão gráfica. Bajard diz que: “[...] A escrita surgiu na mesopotâmia por volta do ano 4000 a.C., entre os Sumérios. Era uma escrita representada por desenhos, figuras rupestres e etc. que indicavam ações cotidianas e corriqueiras desses povos como a caça ou a pesca; essa fase ficou conhecida como pictográfica, após ela veio a fase ideográfica, onde os símbolos já representavam também alguma ideia, tornou-se fonética, depois alfabética e a partir daí a escrita foi evoluindo-se, alfabetos foram surgindo de acordo com as particularidades de cada língua.”(BAJARD, 2001, p. 15). A fase alfabética determinou a necessidade da transformação de códigos alfabéticos escritos, dando início ao que hoje chamamos de alfabetização. Ferreiro cita que: “[...] A invenção da escrita foi um processo histórico de construção de um sistema de representação, não um processo de codificação. Uma vez construído, poder-se-ia pensar que o sistema de representação é aprendido pelos novos usuários, como um sistema de codificação. Entretanto, não é assim, no caso dos dois sistemas envolvidos no início da escolarização (o sistema de codificação seria dos números e o sistema de representação seria da linguagem). As dificuldades que as crianças enfrentam são dificuldades conceituais semelhantes as da construção do sistema, e por isso pode-se dizer em ambos os casos que a criança reinventa esses sistemas, no caso da Educação para Jovens e Adultos, esse processo também poderá acontecer mediante a participação ativa do estudante e o empenho do mestre que para ele leciona. Bem entendido, não se trata de que as crianças reinventem as letras nem os números, mas que para poderem se servir desses elementos como elementos de um sistema, deve compreender seu processo de construção e suas regras de produção, o que coloca o problema epistemológico fundamental: Qual é a natureza da relação entre o real e a sua representação?” (FERREIRO, 2001, p. 12). A alfabetização não é uma ação prioritária para a fase infantil da vida. Ferreiro cita que: “[...] é recente a tomada de consciência sobre a importância da alfabetização inicial como a única solução real para o problema da alfabetização remediativa (de adolescentes e adultos)”. (FERREIRO, 2001, p. 09). 2.2 ALFABETIZAÇÃO E PRAGMATISMO: CONCEITOS ACERCA DA LEITURA E ESCRITA NO ÂMBITO EDUCACIONAL Alfabetizar é um tema que está ligado ao ensino da leitura e da escrita de códigos alfabéticos, existem inúmeros significados para essa problemática atual. Larousse limita o significado de alfabetizar a ensinar a ler. “[...] Vários conceitos definem alfabetizar como o ato de ensinar a ler, aos poucos esses conceitos vem mudando, ainda que livros e dicionários definam-no assim. Hoje muitos educadores e alfabetizadores utilizam o termo “letramento”, letrar vai além de alfabetizar, se trata da compreensão da leitura e escrita, a criança, o jovem ou o adulto estão alfabetizados ao saberem ler e escrever e letrados ao compreenderem o que leram e escreveram, estão letrados quando dominam a leitura e a escrita e fazem o uso social de ambos.” (LAROUSSE, 2003, p. 21). Soares, acerca do assunto, cita ao ser questionada sobre tal definição: “Letramento é de certa forma o contrário de analfabetismo, aliás, houve um momento em que as palavras letramento e alfabetismo se alteravam para nomear o mesmo conceito. Ainda hoje há quem prefira a palavra letramento, eu mesmo acho a palavra alfabetismo mais vernácula que letramento, que é uma tentativa da palavra inglesa literary, mas curvo-me ao poder das tendências linguísticas, que estão dando preferência a letramento. Analfabetismo é definido como o estado de quem não sabe ler e escrever, seu contrário, alfabetismo ou letramento, é o estado de quem sabe ler e escrever, ou seja, letramento é o estado em que vive o indivíduo que não só sabe ler e escrever, mas que poderá exercer as práticas sociais de leitura e escrita que circulam na sociedade em que vivem.” (SOARES, 2007). . Os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN’s) da Língua Portuguesa (Brasil, 2001, p. 21) fala explicitamente sobre este termo, mas a sua proposta vai de encontro as propostas do letramento, isso é perceptível ao observar o que é citado nos PCN’s a respeito de pesquisas e investigações referentes a alfabetização nas séries escolares. A alfabetização é um processo contínuo, inicia-se desde os primeiros anos de vida, com a linguagem e a partir daí tudo que a pessoa aprende serve como base para uma aprendizagem eficaz. A alfabetização, como a educação em geral, é um direito de todos, infelizmente para muitos ela não pode acontecer na infância, a preocupação de como fazê-la com qualidade e êxito impulsiona investigações de como alfabetizar para compreender a leitura e a escrita. Ferreiro cita que: “[...] É difícil falar de alfabetização evitando as posturas dominantes neste campo, por um lado, o discurso oficial e, por outro, o discurso meramente ideologizante, que chamarei “discurso da denúncia”. O discurso oficial centra-se nas estatísticas, o outro despreza essas cifras tratando de desvelar “a face oculta” da alfabetização, onde o discurso oficial fala de quantidade de escolas inauguradas, o discurso da denúncia enfatiza a má qualidade dessas construções ou desses locais improvisados que carecem do indispensável para a realização de ações propriamente educativas.” (FERREIRO, 2005, p. 09). A Alfabetização de Jovens e Adultos não é uma ação recente, teve início desde a colonização apesar de ter sido reconhecida oficialmente somente após o ano de 1945, muitos motivos interferem o processo de alfabetização na infância de alguns jovens e adultos, outros nem sequer iniciam esse processo, logo nesta fase e ao longo dos anos sentem a necessidade de alfabetizar-se. Segundo Moll: “[...] Nesse sentido, quando falamos “em adultos em processo de alfabetização” no contexto social brasileiro, nos referimos a homens e mulheres marcados por experiências de infância na qual não puderam permanecer na escola pela necessidade de trabalhar, por concepções que as afastavam da escola como de que “mulher não precisa aprender” ou “saber os rudimentos da escrita já é suficiente”, ou ainda, pela seletividade construída internamente na rede escolar que produz ainda hoje itinerários descontínuos de aprendizagens formais. Referimo-nos a homens e mulheres que viveram e vivem situações limite nas quais os tempos de infância foi, via de regra, tempo de trabalho e de sustento das famílias.” (MOLL, 2004, p. 11). Ler e escrever são uma arte, principalmente para muitos que não aprenderam a ler e escrever na infância e consequentemente na vida adulta sentem falta desses atos, nas últimas décadas a oferta de ensino aumentou bastante, porém o acesso ainda é limitado para muitos, nem todos os brasileiros tiveram ou tem a oportunidade de alfabetizar-se na infância diversos fatores contribuem ou contribuíram para isso, como a necessidade de trabalhar nessa fase da vida, a falta de acesso a escola, ou até mesmo a falta de interesse, ao chegar na juventude ou na fase adulta a pessoa percebe o quanto a educação básica lhe faz falta e começa a persistir em busca do conhecimento. No decorrer da história da educação a alfabetização de jovens e adultos teve diferentes focos e contou com significantes projetos de alfabetização como o MOBRAL e Método Paulo Freire que será visto neste trabalho. O processo de aquisição da leitura e da escrita não é uma preocupação apenas de professores e alfabetizadores, a alfabetização é a base para uma educação eficaz, portanto para o aluno estar bem nas séries posteriores ele precisa de uma alfabetização sólida. Vivemos atualmente na sociedade do conhecimento, não só do conhecimento do senso comum como sempre foi, mas do conhecimento científico que facilita aos indivíduos uma vivência social de acordo com as imposições do meio e para tal o conhecimento transferido no ambiente escolar é fundamental. Atualmente a EJA tem objetivos maiores além da alfabetização por parte dos alunos, da necessidade de estar capacitado para o mercado de trabalho, ser atuante na sociedade e também o interesse político de reduzir o máximo a estatística de analfabetismo no país, este fator favorecerá com a pretensão de um dia o Brasil se tornar uma grande potência mundial. As primeiras formas de alcançar melhores condições de trabalho e ampliar conhecimento é que faz com que muitos jovens e adultos que não se alfabetizaram na infância ingressem em uma turma de EJA oferecida pelas escolas ou por grupos comunitários que desenvolvem projetos de alfabetização, ser alfabetizado nestas fases da vida depende de muita motivação e força de vontade, não basta apenas querer, a alfabetização de jovens e adultos ocorre de maneira intencional e consciente, segundo Pinto: “Os conceitos de “necessitar saber” vem da origem do interior do ser, considerado em sua plena realidade, enquanto o de “saber” e “não saber” (como fatos empíricos) coloca-se na superfície do ser humano, é um acidente social, além de ser impossível definir com rigor absoluto os limites entre o “saber e o não saber” (daí que não há uma fronteira exata entre o alfabetizado e o analfabeto). Porque o “necessitar” é uma coisa que ou é satisfeita (se é exigência interior) ou, se não é, não permite ao indivíduo subsistir como tal entre (por exemplo: as necessidades biológicas). O “necessitar” ao qual se referem a leitura e a escrita é de caráter social (uma vez que tem por fundamento o trabalho).” (PINTO, 2007, p. 92). É válido ressaltar que o direito a educação de Jovens e Adultos é assegurado por lei e as instituições de ensino devem realizá-la de maneira que atenda tal clientela sem ignorar suas limitações. Alfabetizar jovens e adultos é muito mais que transferir-lhes noções de leitura e escrita, o jovem ou adulto ao ingressar em uma escola ele tem um objetivo delimitado e compreende a escola como um meio para alcançar tal objetivo, o professor alfabetizador se torna então um mediador entre o aluno e o conhecimento, por isso ele precisa estar bem informado, motivado e querendo realizar um trabalho de construção. Há algumas décadas era comum grupos de pessoas adultas se reunirem para aprender escrever o nome e conhecer as letras do alfabeto, tais pessoas ficavam extremamente maravilhadas, pois dentro do contexto delas tal aprendizado era suficientemente satisfatório. Atualmente grupos ainda se reúnem, mas as expectativas são outras, só o aprendizado do próprio nome não é suficiente, o mercado de trabalho exige mais, até mesmo o simples fato de precisar identificar o itinerário do ônibus requer leitura. Segundo Libâneo: “A escola de hoje precisa não apenas conviver com outras modalidades de educação não formal, informal e profissional, mas também articular-se e integrar-se a elas, a fim de formar cidadãos mais preparados e qualificados para um novo tempo”. (LIBÂNEO, 2003, p. 53). Para isso o ensino escolar deve contribuir para: • Formar indivíduos capazes de pensar e de aprender permanentemente; • Prover formação global para atender à necessidade de maior e melhor qualificação profissional; • Desenvolver conhecimentos, capacidades e qualidades para o exercício consciente da cidadania; • Formar cidadãos éticos e solidários. A motivação é a chave para o sucesso da educação de jovens e adultos, desmotivados eles não conseguirão enfrentar as barreiras cotidianas, tudo se tornará mais difícil, cabe aos professores e a escola em geral incentivá-los para que não desistam. 2.3 O ANALFABETISMO COMO ANTAGONIA AO ALFABETISMO O analfabetismo é a qualidade de analfabeto, uma palavra de origem latina (analphabētus) que se refere àquelas pessoas que não sabem ler nem escrever. Porém, o termo costuma ter um uso mais extenso e é usado para fazer alusão aos indivíduos que são ignorantes ou que carecem de instrução elementar em alguma disciplina. O analfabetismo surge perante a falta de aprendizagem. Por isso, nos países que contam com programas de escolarização obrigatória, o analfabetismo é minoritário, mesmo para além do facto de que a compreensão de leitura das pessoas possa ser deficiente. Analfabeto é a pessoa que não sabe ler nem escrever. Segundo definição da UNESCO, “uma pessoa funcionalmente analfabeta é aquela que não pode participar de todas as atividades nas quais a alfabetização é requerida para uma atuação eficaz em seu grupo e comunidade, e que lhe permitem, também, continuar usando a leitura, a escrita e o cálculo a serviço do seu próprio desenvolvimento e do desenvolvimento de sua comunidade”. O analfabetismo no país ainda continua sendo um obstáculo para o progresso e desenvolvimento da humanidade. O importante é ressaltar que não estamos falando de ignorância. Analfabeto Funcional: sabe ler e escrever textos e frases curtas, mas não consegue interpretá-los, também não sabem realizar operações de matemática. Existem três níveis de Analfabetismo funcional: Existem três níveis distintos de alfabetização funcional, a saber: • Nível 1 - também conhecido como alfabetização rudimentar, compreende aqueles que apenas conseguem ler e compreender títulos de textos e frases curtas; e apesar de saber contar, têm dificuldades com a compreensão de números grandes e em fazer as operações aritméticas básicas; • Nível 2 - também conhecido como alfabetização básica, compreende aqueles que conseguem ler textos curtos, mas só conseguem extrair informações espessas no texto e não conseguem tirar uma conclusão a respeito do mesmo; e também conseguem entender números grandes, conseguem realizar as operações aritméticas básicas, entretanto sentem dificuldades quando é exigida uma maior quantidade de cálculos, ou em operações matemáticas mais complexas. • Nível 3 - também conhecido como alfabetização plena, compreende aqueles que detêm pleno domínio da leitura, escrita, dos números e das operações matemáticas (das mais básicas às mais complexas). Pode-se afirmar que, nos dias de hoje, a sociedade está experimentando uma nova forma de analfabetismo, chamado de analfabetismo digital. Este tipo de carência está relacionado com a falta de conhecimento necessário para utilizar computadores pessoais, celulares e agendas eletrônicas e dominar os sistemas que operam estas máquinas como, por exemplo, navegar na rede mundial de computadores. O grave problema do analfabetismo no mundo continua sendo um dos grandes temas prioritários a solucionar desde que se realizou a Conferência Mundial da Educação para Todos, ocorrida em 1990, em Jomtiem, Tailândia. Esta conferência foi assistida por representantes do mundo todo e chegou-se à conclusão de que a alfabetização é um dos fatores chave para resolver um dos problemas mais urgentes da sociedade, que a realização plena do ser humano só se dá através da educação e promovê-la é fundamental para o desenvolvimento das nações. Assim sendo, a educação é uma ferramenta extremamente útil para combater a pobreza e a desigualdade, elevar os níveis de saúde e bem estar social, criar as bases para um desenvolvimento econômico sustentável e a manutenção de uma democracia duradoura. Por este motivo a educação foi incluída na lista dos oito Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio das Nações Unidas, que fixou para o ano de 2015 a data limite para alcançar 100% de educação primária para todas as crianças do planeta. Para o plano ideológico da história da Educação de Jovens e Adultos, pode-se afirmar que tais medidas, no Estado brasileiro, refletiram na queda da taxa de analfabetismo ao longo dos anos. Segundo o professor doutor em filosofia do Instituto Federal de Pernambuco campus Belo Jardim, Dawson de Barros Monteiro, o modelo teórico das iniciativas de alfabetização de jovens e adultos, mesmo tendo um cunho mais político no processo, este pôde remeter-se na queda do índice de habitantes analfabetos no Brasil, desde o Estado Novo ao governo Lula, esta ideologia teórica levou à pratica, uma nova visão de Brasil, uma perspectiva de habitantes mais preocupados com sua educação, ao menos ter o alicerce de poder gozar pelo menos do próprio saber a ler e a escrever, mesmo em um plano inicial. Mostra-se aí que as políticas educacionais mesmo sem o principal intuito de alfabetizar a população geraram programas que foram fomentados e mastigados pela população, que estes puderam ao menos voltar às salas de aula, a quem desistira quando jovem; ou mesmo entrar no âmbito educacional e conhecer de perto o ensino e a escola para aqueles que não puderam nem entrar nesta. A seguir o gráfico mostra como o índice de analfabetos decaiu a partir dos programas para a erradicação do analfabetismo primordialmente com a Educação de Jovens e Adultos. Figura 1. Gráfico com a queda da taxa de analfabetismo no Brasil no período de 1940 e 2010 É observado que a partir dos anos 1940, no governo Getúlio Vargas e o Estado Novo, o índice era de que em cada 100 pessoas quase 56 encontravam-se vítimas do analfabetismo no Brasil, número que ao passar dos anos vai declinando, chegando em 2010 com um índice em torno que, em cada 100 pessoas quase 10 encontravam-se analfabetas, isso é uma conquista tanto para o Estado que cresce no plano internacional, para a educação nacional que remete a ideia que os programas funcionam de forma ótima, e para o estudante que ingressa em uma sala da EJA. O próximo gráfico traz o índice por regiões brasileiras entre um plano de uma década, 2000 a 2010. Trazendo luz a queda no índice da taxa percentual. Figura 2. Gráfico com a taxa de analfabetismo por regiões do Brasil entre 2000 e 2010 Por fim, concluísse que com os programas educacionais de Educação de Jovens e Adultos, pôsse à erradicação e diminuição brusca do índice de percentual de analfabetos no país, uma vez que esses tendem ao cunho da erradicação dessas taxas que fazem com que a perspectiva do Brasil seja favorável ou desfavorável no plano internacional, já que a educação na contemporaneidade é fundamental para o crescimento do país. 3. REFEXÕES TEÓRICAS SOBRE A EDUCAÇÃO DE JOVENS E ADULTOS Ao abordar a Educação de Jovens e Adultos como tema é fundamental conhecer e destacar o pensamento de alguns autores e educadores como Paulo Freire e outros que ao longo da vida profissional dedicaram-se a alfabetizar e que contribuem para a formação docente continuada. Este capítulo aborda tais reflexões e as particularidades do tema. 3.1 PENSAMENTO DE PAULO FREIRE SOBRE A EDUCAÇÃO POPULAR Educação popular é uma educação comprometida e participativa orientada pela perspectiva de realização de todos os direitos do povo. Quando se pensa em educação popular nos remetemos à imagem de Paulo Freire que foi o grande mentor, é uma educação que visa à formação do indivíduo com valores, conhecimento e consciência de cidadania, busca utilizar o que a pessoa já tem de conhecimento popular para transformar na matéria-prima do ensino. Esta educação popular é muito utilizada em assentamentos rurais, favelas, aldeias indígenas, pequenas comunidades, ONG’s dentre outras; por se tratar de uma educação que atende as necessidades em comum de um povo, uma educação em que tem os mesmos interesses em ampliar os seus conhecimentos e tornar cidadãos conscientes do seu papel na sociedade. Paulo Freire, o mais célebre educador brasileiro, tinha o pensamento de que a escola tinha que ensinar o aluno a “ler o mundo” para obter transformações, tendo em vista que se o aluno não saber a realidade do mundo em que vive não é possível lutar em busca de melhorias; para que haja transformação é essencial a conscientização, por isso Paulo Freire criou o seu método de ensino, pois não acreditava que uma pessoa adulta dor nordeste por exemplo que não conhecia “uva” pudesse aprender a ler e escrever apenas utilizando cartilhas com frases: EVA VIU UVA, pensou em aproximar os alunos a sua própria realidade, à sua rotina do dia a dia com as palavras geradoras. De acordo com a revista Nova Escola “Grandes Pensadores”: Freire dizia que ninguém ensina nada a ninguém, mas as pessoas também não aprendem sozinhas, os homens se educam entre si mediados pelo mundo. O pensamento de Paulo Freire é que o professor não é detentor do conhecimento e que não domina todas as áreas do conhecimento e é de fundamental importância a troca de experiências entre professor e aluno, o conhecimento de um completa o outro, todos nós somos dotados de inteligências e exercemos inteligências, porém nem todos a desenvolvem para a mesma área, muitas vezes um professor é excelente na sua profissão e não tem habilidades como pedreiro e o pedreiro constrói lindas casas e edifícios, mas não é alfabetizado e quando esse professor encontra este pedreiro podem trocar experiências distintas e ambos aprendem entre si. Para Freire um professor dedicado para a educação popular tem que acreditar em mudanças, não pode ensinar apenas a ler e escrever, é preciso haver uma mudança de paradigma, e transmitir esperanças, fazer com que o aluno se transforme em sujeito pensante, crítico e consciente do que lhe envolve no dia a dia, o professor tem que ter prazer, alegria e transmitir aos alunos. Paulo Freire diz que: “Há uma relação entre a alegria necessária à atividade educativa e a esperança. A esperança de que professor e alunos juntos podemos aprender, ensinar, inquietar-nos, produzir e juntos igualmente resistir aos obstáculos à nossa alegria. Na verdade, do ponto de vista da natureza humana a esperança não é algo que a ela se justaponha. A esperança faz parte da natureza humana.” (FREIRE, 2002, p. 80). Para Freire é importante que o professor tenha esperança, uma vez que os jovens e adultos se espelham nos professores, e com esperança pode se acreditar em uma mudança de direção para a vida e para o mundo, para a sociedade, cita uma história popular que um passarinho viu um incêndio na floresta e correu para chamar os amigos para apagar o fogo, mas ninguém quis ir, então resolveu ir sozinho apagar o fogo, viu um rio e foi pegando água e jogando no fogo, certamente esse pássaro sabia que sozinho não poderia apagar toso o fogo, mas teve esperança que tomando a iniciativa talvez os outros pudessem acreditar que também seria capaz. Podemos comparar Paulo Freire a este passarinho, pois ele apenas deu início a essa educação e a cada dia pessoas se juntam a suas ideologias a fim de transformar a educação no nosso país e começam a mudar este paradigma. 3.2 ACERCA DO MÉTODO FREIRIANO O Método Paulo Freire consiste numa proposta para a alfabetização de adultos desenvolvidos pelo educador Paulo Freire, que em sua implementação concorreu com programas como o de Frank Laubach. Freire afirmou ter desenvolvido o método enquanto era diretor do Departamento de Extensões Culturais da Universidade do Recife, quando formou um grupo para testar o método na cidade de Angicos, no Rio Grande do Norte. 3.2.1 ETAPAS DO MÉTODO 1. Etapa de investigação: busca conjunta entre professor e aluno das palavras e temas mais significativos da vida do aluno, dentro de seu universo vocabular e da comunidade onde ele vive. 2. Etapa de tematização: momento da tomada de consciência do mundo, através da análise dos significados sociais dos temas e palavras. 3. Etapa de problematização: etapa em que o professor desafia e inspira o aluno a superar a visão mágica e acrítica do mundo, para uma postura conscientizada. 3.2.2 O MÉTODO • As palavras geradoras: o processo proposto por Paulo Freire inicia-se pelo levantamento do universo vocabular dos alunos. Através de conversas informais, o educador observa os vocábulos mais usados pelos alunos e a comunidade e, assim, seleciona as palavras que servirão de base para as lições. A quantidade de palavras geradoras pode variar entre 18 a 23 palavras, aproximadamente. Depois de composto o universo das palavras geradoras, elas são apresentadas em cartazes com imagens. Então, nos círculos de cultura, inicia-se uma discussão para dar-lhes significado dentro da realidade daquela turma. • A silabação: uma vez identificadas, cada palavra geradora passa a ser estudada através da divisão silábica, semelhantemente ao método tradicional. Cada sílaba se desdobra em sua respectiva família silábica, com a mudança da vogal. Por exemplo: BA-BE-BI-BO-BU. • As palavras novas: o passo seguinte é a formação de palavras novas. Usando as famílias silábicas agora conhecidas, o grupo forma palavras novas. • A conscientização: um ponto fundamental do método é a discussão sobre os diversos temas surgidos a partir das palavras geradoras. Para Paulo Freire, alfabetizar não pode se restringir aos processos de codificação e decodificação. Dessa forma, o objetivo da alfabetização de adultos é promover a conscientização acerca dos problemas cotidianos, a compreensão do mundo e o conhecimento da realidade social. 3.2.3 AS FASES DE APLICAÇÃO DO MÉTODO Freire propõe a aplicação de seu método nas cinco fases seguintes: • 1ª fase: levantamento do universo vocabular do grupo. Nessa fase, ocorrem as interações de aproximação e conhecimento mútuo, bem como a anotação das palavras da linguagem dos membros do grupo, respeitando seu linguajar típico. • 2ª fase: escolha das palavras selecionadas, seguindo os critérios de riqueza fonética, dificuldades fonéticas - numa sequência gradativa das mais simples para as mais complexas, do comprometimento pragmático da palavra na realidade social, cultural, política do grupo e/ou sua comunidade. • 3ª fase: criação de situações existenciais características do grupo. Trata-se de situações inseridas na realidade local, que devem ser discutidas com o intuito de abrir perspectivas para a análise crítica consciente de problemas locais, regionais e nacionais. • 4ª fase: criação das fichas-roteiro neles havia indicações de possíveis subtemas ligadas as palavras geradoras e sugestões de encaminhamentos para análise dos temas selecionados que funcionam como roteiro para os debates, as quais fossem apenas sugestões esses roteiros eram de grande valia, principalmente no inicio do trabalho quando a alfabetizador era também iniciante. • 5ª fase: criação de fichas de palavras para a decomposição das famílias fonéticas correspondentes às palavras geradoras. 3.2.4 HISTÓRIA Freire aplicou publicamente seu método pela primeira vez no Centro de Cultura Dona Olegarinha, um círculo de cultura do Movimento de Cultura Popular no Recife. Foi aplicado inicialmente a cinco alunos, dos quais três aprenderam a ler e escrever em 30 horas e outros dois desistiram antes de concluir. Baseado na experiência de Angicos, em janeiro de 1963, onde em 45 dias, alfabetizaram-se 300 trabalhadores, João Goulart, presidente do Brasil na época, chamou Paulo Freire para organizar o Plano Nacional de Alfabetização. Este plano, iniciado em janeiro de 1964, tinha como objetivo alfabetizar 2 milhões de pessoas em 20 000 círculos de cultura, e já contava com a participação da comunidade - só no estado da Guanabara, se inscreveram 6 000 pessoas. Mas, com o Golpe de Estado no Brasil em 1964, em abril, toda essa mobilização social foi reprimida e Paulo Freire foi considerado subversivo, sendo preso e, depois, exilado. Assim, esse projeto foi abortado. Em seu lugar, surgiu o Movimento Brasileiro de Alfabetização, igualmente uma iniciativa para a alfabetização, porém distinta do método freiriano. 3.3 O PERFIL DO PROFESSOR ALFABETIZADOR Alfabetizar jovens e adultos é uma ação peculiar e nem sempre se dá da mesma forma com se alfabetiza uma criança na infância o professor alfabetizador deve partir dor princípios de açãoreflexão-ação e deve estar aliado à formação continuada. A formação continuada permite refletir suas ações e repensar a sua prática, elaborando planos e/ou projetos que possam aprimorar a sua prática educativa. Alfabetizar na EJA envolve também a afetividade, o gosto e a responsabilidade. É fundamental que o professor da EJA tenha a consciência da valorização do outro, é importante valorizar o conhecimento que este aluno possui, pois durante toda a vida o aluno adquire um vasto conhecimento do senso comum e valorize também as suas experiências de vida, entretanto o diálogo tem que estar presente nas aulas, o professor tem que usar uma linguagem simples e acessível. O professor é um incentivador um meio para alcançar a motivação dos alunos e nesta fase da vida motivação é um aspecto fundamental. A prática da ação-reflexão-ação permite ao professor lançar estratégias para o sucesso do processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Ao observar turmas da EJA é comum observar que os professores regentes em tais turmas são geralmente professores experientes que despertam a confiança em seus alunos e que acreditam na educação como foco de mudança. Segundo Leal: “O conhecimento na ação, ou o conhecimento tácito, seria aquele constituído na prática cotidiana do exercício profissional. Concebemos que esse é um saber que se constrói com base nos conhecimentos prévios de formação inicial, articulado com os saberes gerados na prática cotidiana, de forma assistemática e muitas vezes sem tomada de consciência acerca dos modos de construção. Para um projeto de formação numa base reflexiva, torna-se fundamental conhecer e valorizar esses conhecimentos que são constituídos pelos professores, seja através de uma reflexão teórica, seja através desses processos eminentemente assistemáticos.” (LEAL, 2005, p. 114). A aprendizagem não pode ser simplesmente transmitida, ela é um processo de construção onde professora busca oferecer meios que favoreçam tal construção, a do conhecimento: tudo o que já foi vivido pelo aluno serve como base, o professor deve utilizar também a vivência e o conhecimento prévio do aluno para ajudá-lo na construção do saber. Aquilo que é oferecido ao alfabetizando deve fazer sentido para ele, se o professor partir de um ponto desconhecido que foge à realidade do aluno ele poderá não alcançar a compreensão necessária ao letramento. A principal função do professor na EJA é mediar, interagir o aluno com o meio, usar metodologias que favoreçam o processo de construção de ensino-aprendizagem, o aluno da atualidade espera muito mais que aprender a assinar o nome, portanto exercício de mera memorização, atividades mecânicas não permitem o êxito na EJA. A interdisciplinaridade deve fazer parte também desse processo os temas transversais como, ética, valores e cidadania são temas que norteiam a construção do conhecimento nesta fase. A educação de Jovens e Adultos traz muitos desafios tanto para professores quanto para alunos e são esses desafios que constroem práticas eficazes de alfabetização. Kelly Camargo Pulice in Moll esclarece muito bem o papel do educador na EJA, ao citar: “O papel do educador é pensar formas de intervir e transformar a realidade, problematizando-a, dialogando com o educando. Em sala de aula o importante não é “depositar” conteúdos, mas despertar uma nova forma de relação com a experiência vivida. Portanto, antes de qualquer coisa, é preciso conhecer o aluno: conhecê-lo como indivíduo num contexto social, com seus problemas, seus medos, suas necessidades, valorizando seu saber, sua cultura, sua oralidade, seus desejos, seus sonhos, isto possibilita uma aprendizagem integradora, abrangente, não compartimentalizada, não fragmentada.” (MOLL, 2004, p. 11). 3.4 PERFIL DO ESTUDANTE DA EJA E OS MOTIVOS DE EVASÃO Os alunos da EJA são geralmente pessoas vindas de famílias de baixa renda, sendo que muitas vezes os pais também não são alfabetizados, isso faz com que muitas vezes se sentem discriminados pela sociedade; vivemos em uma sociedade que para toda a nossa rotina é necessário a leitura,para se tomar um ônibus é necessário conseguir identificá-lo, para fazer compras tem que conhecer os números, contudo esse aluno da EJA pode se sentir excluído da sociedade, quando pensamos em exclusão nos remetemos a pessoas com deficiência, mas a exclusão não se limita a deficiência intelectuais e mentais, para esses alunos que por alguns motivos não estudaram nos primeiros anos de vida este termo também cabe. O autor Bieler fala sobre a importância da inclusão. “[...] A perspectiva da educação inclusiva vai além da deficiência. Esta é apenas uma das áreas que seriam beneficiadas com ela (educação inclusiva) A qualidade da educação é que está em debate porque hoje não se considera (nos sistemas educacionais ) a diversidade dos alunos, os níveis de necessidade e as características individuais. A proposta da educação inclusiva melhoraria a qualidade do ensino para todos. Não se trata só de incluir deficientes nas sala de aula.” (BIELER, 2004, p. 11). O aluno da EJA possui necessidade educacional especial independente de ter ou não deficiência física. Uma vez que estes alunos vão para a escola após um longo dia de serviço, sua mente já está cansada, ao contrario de uma criança que não trabalha e nem tem preocupações com a família, como os adultos. A maioria destes alunos da EJA tem a necessidade de voltar a escola para se sentir incluído na sociedade, procuram melhores condições de vida , almeja um melhor cargo no trabalho, muitos buscam a leitura com o objetivo de ser mais participativos e críticos na sociedade e até por motivos religiosos como o sonho de aprender ler para conseguir ler a bíblia, entretanto boa parte destes alunos busca uma realização pessoal, principalmente os mais idosos que as vezes são motivos de chacotas por estarem estudando nesta fase da vida. Os alunos da EJA por se tratarem de adolescentes acima de 14 anos e adultos, já tem suas experiências de vida, muitas vezes até traumas podem ter sido criados por não ter conseguido estudar anteriormente por vários motivos, desta forma os alunos criam um bloqueio, por isto o professor deve estar seguro para tentar quebrar estes bloqueios. Às vezes estes alunos podem estar com sua autoestima muito baixa, aí entra o papel do professor para traçar práticas adequadas para incentivá-los a motivação. A autoestima é fundamental para este processo de alfabetização, pois quando há esperanças se tem forças para vencer os desafios na busca de um objetivo. As turmas da EJA funcionam geralmente a noite que é o horário disponível para pessoas que trabalham diariamente, deve haver muita força de vontade e incentivo para jovens e adultos concluírem o curso. O número de evasão na EJA é muito grande, os alunos se sentem desmotivados e cansados; a grande maioria trabalha o dia inteiro, pegam ônibus lotado, muitas mulheres não trabalham fora, porém trabalham em casa. É fundamental que os professores da EJA sejam dinâmicos, aproximem o conteúdo à realidade do aluno, procurem sempre inovar e não criem barreiras para afastar esses alunos. O professor da EJA tem que estar motivado para conseguir motivar os alunos, todavia que os alunos são reflexos dos professores. Quando se pensa em evasão na EJA é de suma importância conhecer o perfil destes alunos, para tentar entender por que se dá esta evasão. As causas evasão na EJA são muitas, podemos destacar o cansaço após um dia de serviço, a distância entre casa/escola que aumenta as possibilidades de assaltos, entre outros fatores que se dá por conta da violência urbana. Outro fator é o apoio da família que nem sempre existe, o apoio do governo, da escola, direção, professores muitas vezes não estimulam os alunos; e também o desinteresse interfere sobre esta questão. É notório que existem fatores que contribuem direta ou indiretamente na evasão escolar, isso é uma preocupação de muitos, tais como escola, gestão escolar, governo, entre outras instituições. O fracasso escolar também é uma das causas de evasão, na Proposta Curricular para o 1º segmento do ensino fundamental (1997) consta que: “No público que efetivamente frequenta os programas de educação de jovens e adultos, é cada vez mais reduzido o número daqueles que não tiveram nenhuma passagem anterior pela escola. É também cada vez mais dominante a presença de adolescentes e jovens recém saídos do ensino regular, por onde tiveram passagens acidentadas.” É fundamental que aluno e professor compreendam que erros podem ser transformados em aprendizagem, é possível aprender com eles, os erros não podem ser contribuintes para causar evasão. De acordo com Cortella (1999, p. 112): “[...] O erro não ocupa um lugar externo ao processo de conhecer, investigar é bem diferente de receber uma revelação límpida, transparente e perfeita. O erro é parte integrante do conhecer não porque “errar é humano”, mas porque nosso conhecimento sobre o mundo dá-se em uma relação viva e cambiante (sem o. 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This book is not a critique of digital ethics but rather a hack. It follows the method of hacking by developing an exploit kit on the basis of state-of-the-art social theory, which it uses to breach the insecure legacy system upon which the discourse of digital ethics is running. This legacy system is made up of four interdependent components: the philosophical mythology of humanism, social science critique, media scandalization, and the activities of many civil society organisations lobbying for various forms (...) of regulation. The hack exposes the bugs, the sloppy programming, and the false promises of current digital ethics, and, because it is an ethical hack, redesigns digital ethics so that it can address the problems of the global network society. The main idea of the book is that the social world of meaning is based on information, which, because of its relational nature, must be understood more as a common good than as private property. A digital ethics that relies upon humanistic individualism cannot address the issues arising from the global network society based upon information. This demands a complete revision of the philosophical foundations of current digital ethics by means of a redesign of ethics as a theory of governance by design. (shrink)

This article brings together two research fields in applied ethics - namely, information ethics and business ethics- which deal with the ethical impact of information and communication technologies but that, so far, have remained largely independent. Its goal is to articulate and defend an informational approach to the conceptual foundation of business ethics, by using ideas and methods developed in information ethics, in view of the convergence of the two fields in an increasingly networked society.

Abstract Alzheimer's disease has spread insanely throughout the world. Early detection and intervention are essential to improve the chances of a positive outcome. This study presents a new method to predict a person's likelihood of developing Alzheimer's using a neural network model. The dataset includes 373 samples with 10 features, such as Group,M/F,Age,EDUC, SES,MMSE,CDR ,eTIV,nWBV,Oldpeak,ASF.. A four-layer neural network model (1 input, 2 hidden, 1 output) was trained on the dataset and achieved an accuracy of 98.10% and (...) an average error of 0.01. This study provides a valuable tool for early detection and intervention of Alzheimer's, thus contributing to the field of health and medicine. (shrink)

Vietnam, with a geographical proximity and a high volume of trade with China, was the first country to record an outbreak of the new Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 or SARS-CoV-2. While the country was expected to have a high risk of transmission, as of April 4, 2020—in comparison to attempts to contain the disease around the world—responses from Vietnam are being seen as prompt and effective in protecting the interests of its citizens, (...) with 239 confirmed cases and no fatalities. This study analyzes the situation in terms of Vietnam’s policy response, social media and science journalism. A self-made web crawl engine was used to scan and collect official media news related to COVID-19 between the beginning of January and April 4, yielding a comprehensive dataset of 14,952 news items. The findings shed light on how Vietnam—despite being under-resourced—has demonstrated political readiness to combat the emerging pandemic since the earliest days. Timely communication on any developments of the outbreak from the government and the media, combined with up-to-date research on the new virus by the Vietnamese science community, have altogether provided reliable sources of information. By emphasizing the need for immediate and genuine cooperation between government, civil society and private individuals, the case study offers valuable lessons for other nations concerning not only the concurrent fight against the COVID-19 pandemic but also the overall responses to a public health crisis. (shrink)

We undeniably live in an information age—as, indeed, did those who lived before us. After all, as the cultural historian Robert Darnton pointed out: ‘every age was an age of information, each in its own way’ (Darnton 2000: 1). Darnton was referring to the news media, but his insight surely also applies to the sciences. The practices of acquiring, storing, labeling, organizing, retrieving, mobilizing, and integrating data about the natural world has always been an enabling aspect of scientific (...) work. Natural history and its descendant discipline of biological taxonomy are prime examples of sciences dedicated to creating and managing systems of ordering data. In some sense, the idea of biological taxonomy as an information science is commonplace. Perhaps it is because of its self-evidence that the information science perspective on taxonomy has not been a major theme in the history and philosophy of science. The botanist Vernon Heywood once pointed out that historians of biology, in their ‘preoccupation with the development of the sciences of botany and zoology… [have] diverted attention from the role of taxonomy as an information science’ (Heywood 1985: 11). More specifically, he argued that historians had failed to appreciate how principles and practices that can be traced to Linnaeus constituted ‘a change in the nature of taxonomy from a local or limited folk communication system and later a codified folk taxonomy to a formal system of information science [that] marked a watershed in the history of biology’ (ibid.). A similar observation could be made about twentieth-century philosophy of biology, which mostly skipped over practical and epistemic questions about information management in taxonomy. The taxonomic themes that featured in the emerging philosophy of biology literature in the second half of the twentieth century were predominantly metaphysical in orientation. This is illustrated by what has become known as the ‘essentialism story’: an account about the essentialist nature of pre- Darwinian taxonomy that used to be accepted by many historians and philosophers, and which stimulated efforts to document and interpret shifts in the metaphysical understanding of species and (natural) classification (Richards 2010; Winsor 2003; Wilkins 2009). Although contemporary debates in the philosophy of taxonomy have moved on, much discussion continues to focus on conceptual and metaphysical issues surrounding the nature of species and the principles of classification. Discussions centring on whether species are individuals, classes, or kinds have sprung up as predictably as perennials. Raucous debates have arisen even with the aim of accommodating the diversity of views: is monism, pluralism, or eliminativism about the species category the best position to take? In addition to these, our disciplines continue to interrogate what is the nature of these different approaches to classification: are they representational or inferential roles of different approaches to classification (evolutionary taxonomy, phenetics, phylogenetic systematics)? While there is still much to learn from these discussions—in which we both actively participate—our aim with this topical collection has been to seek different entrypoints and address underexposed themes in the history and philosophy of taxonomy. We believe that approaching taxonomy as an information science prompts new questions and can open up new philosophical vistas worth exploring. A twenty-first century information science turn in the history and philosophy of taxonomy is already underway. In scientific practice and in daily life it is hard to escape the imaginaries of Big Data and the constant threats of being ‘flooded with data’. In the life sciences, these developments are often associated with the socalled bioinformatics crisis that can hopefully be contained by a new, interdisciplinary breed of bioinformaticians. These new concepts, narratives, and developments surrounding the centrality of data and information systems in the biological and biomedical sciences have raised important philosophical questions about their challenges and implications. But historical perspectives are just as necessary to judge what makes our information age different from those that preceded us. Indeed, as the British zoologist Charles Godfray has often pointed out, the piles of data that are being generated in contemporary systematic biology have led to a second bioinformatics crisis, the first being the one that confronted Linnaeus in the mid-18th century (Godfray 2007). Although our aim is to clear a path for new discussions of taxonomy from an information science-informed point of view, we continue where others in the history, philosophy, and sociology of science have already trod. We believe that an appreciation of biological taxonomy as an information science raises many questions about the philosophical, theoretical, material, and practical aspects of the use and revision of biological nomenclatures in different local and global communities of scientists and citizen scientists. In particular, conceiving of taxonomy as an information science directs attention to the temporalities of managing an accumulating data about classified entities that are themselves subject to revision, to the means by which revision is accomplished, and to the semantic, material, and collaborative contexts that mediate the execution of revisions. (shrink)

Trust in social media information is gaining in importance and relevance for both companies and individuals as nowadays contemporary society is confronted with a wave of fake news about daily life situations, brands, organizations, etc. As it becomes more difficult to accurately assess social media information and to determine its origin or source, as well as to be able to double-check information spread across different Social Networking Sites (SNS), businesses must understand how individuals’ perceived control, concentration, and (...) time distortion enhances the social media usage, thus allowing them to correctly assess online information. Therefore, the scope of the paper is to assess, based on a conceptual model, the antecedents of trust in online information about companies by considering users’ perceived control, concentration, and time distortion, while browsing social media networks and sharing fake news about companies in SNS. With the help of an online survey, data was collected from social media users, later being analysed with SmartPLS. The findings suggest that social media usage and sharing of fake news mediate the relationship between users’ perceived control, concentration, and time distortion (i.e., flow characteristics) and trust in online information about companies. (shrink)

Digital technology has prompted philosophers to rethink some of the fundamental categories we use to make sense of the world and ourselves. Particularly, the concept of ‘identity’ and its reconfiguration in the digital age has sparked much debate in this regard. While many studies have addressed the impact of the digital on personal and social identities, the concept of ‘collective identity’ has been remarkably absent in such inquiries. In this article, I take the context of social movements as (...) an entry point to discuss the reconfiguration of collective identity in social media environments. I do so by introducing a narrative approach to collective identity. I argue that Twitter’s affordances invite new ways of constructing collective identities and imply a shifting relationship between the individual and the collective. (shrink)

Post-industrial society is also defined as a "post-class" society, reflecting the breakdown of the stable social structures and identities characteristic of industrial society. If before the status of an individual in a society was determined by his place in the economic structure, that is, by the class affiliation to which all other social characteristics were subordinated, now the status characteristic of the individual is determined by a multitude of factors, among which the increasing role is played by education and the (...) level of culture (according to P. Bourdieu "cultural capital"). On this basis, D. Bell and several other Western sociologists put forward the idea of a new "service" class. (shrink)

The world of academic philosophy is now entering a new age, one defined neither by colonial need for recognition nor by postcolonial wish to integrate. The indicators of this new era include heightened appreciation of the value of world philosophies, the internationalization of the student body, the philosophical pluralism which interaction and migration in new global movements make salient, growing concerns about diversity within a still too-white faculty body and curricular canon, and identification of a range of deep structural problems (...) with the contemporary philosophical academy in its discursive, citational, refereeing and ranking practices. We are entering what we might call " the age of " re-emergence, " a new period the key features of which are as follows. First, philosophies from every region of the world, locally grounded in lived experience and reflection upon it, are finding new autonomous and authentic forms of articulation. Second, philosophical industry, leaving behind a center-periphery mode of production, is becoming again polycentric: the philosophical world is returning to a plural and diverse network of productive sites. Third, Europe and other colonial powers have been provincialized, no longer mandatory conversation partners or points of comparison but rather unprivileged participants in global dialogue. Fourth, philosophers within the largely Anglophone international academy are beginning to acknowledge their responsibility to arrange international institutions to enable wide and open participation; that is, acknowledge that their control over the academy is a fallout from colonialism rather than a reflection of intellectual superiority. We may thus look to a future when there will be a vibrant pluralistic realism in departments of academic philosophy around the globe, and a new cartography of philosophy. (shrink)